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Marc Aurel ist als "Philosoph auf dem Kaiserthron" in die Geschichte eingegangen. Die Frage, inwieweit es ihm gelungen ist, Philosophie und Politik miteinander zu vereinbaren, behandelt Claudia Horst nicht als ein biographisches, sondern erstmals als ein strukturgeschichtliches Problem. Die Beschäftigung mit der Philosophie erlebte zur Zeit Marc Aurels eine Konjunktur. Doch war es nicht die kontemplative Auseinandersetzung um inhaltliche Fragen, die hierbei im Vordergrund stand. Die Kultur der Römischen Kaiserzeit, die sog. Zweite Sophistik, stellte sich vielmehr als ein zentraler Kommunikationsraum zwischen dem Kaiser und den gebildeten städtischen Eliten dar, in dem kulturelle Bedingungen des Zusammenlebens ebenso wie Machtfragen verhandelt wurden. Für Marc Aurel war die Philosophie ein entscheidendes Medium der politischen Integration. Durch sie ist es ihm letztlich gelungen, das Akzeptanzdefizit seitens der Aristokratie, das die Stabilität seiner Herrschaft stets bedrohte, zu überwinden und Vertrauen zu generieren.

"This article/research that I translated from Hasan Hanefi examines, in terms of Spanish philosopher Miguel de Unamuno, the ancient Christianity throughout the history. While Hasan Hanefi, here, researched Christianity beliefs in the presence of Ancient Christians, on the one hand, he criticizes of it, on the other hand, from own viewpoint, aims for explanation of it. Hasan Hanefi, also here, compares the Christianity beliefs established by the institution of papacy with philosophies of his age in which includes schools like communism, socialism and existentialism. According to what Hasan Hanef said, Unamuno follow such a conclusion: the contemporary Christianity has lost that noble ore and effect arising from jesus son of mary, who is prominent with/stamped with the life, the dynamism and regeneration and the spritual ressurrection; whether individually or socially, it has become such a thing that loses it's effect and power on spirits. We also may said: Our author Hasan Hanefi, in terms of essence and nature of Christianity, make comparisons between the philosophies and trends of his age and philosophies that will come later and have an impact on humanity, especially on Europeans… After all this, definitely, he concludes such a result: Some philosophies is closer to, in it's essence and nature, the Christianity religion and the message of jesus, than the Christianity religion institutionalized throughout the history! and he maintains his explanations: that Christianity religion has lost, especially throughout scholastic ages, it's nature and divine character and, no matter where and when one lives, except a blind devotion, has become a mechanic belief ineffective on human sprit!."

Bu çalışmada, "DP'nin Yükselme Devri" olarak adlandırılan 1950-54 dönemi din siyaseti incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın DP'nin tüm iktidar dönemini değil de, anılan dönemi ele alması, çalışmayı sınırlandırma kaygısından kaynaklanmaktadır. Böylece dar bir dönem ele alınarak, daha derinlemesine inceleme yapılması amaçlanmaktadır. İnceleme konusu olarak anılan dönemin seçilmesinin nedeni, çok partili siyasal yaşamla birlikte Türkiye'de din siyasetinde meydana gelen değişikliği anlama çabasıdır. Bu amaçla önce kısaca çok partili siyasal yaşama geçilmesiyle birlikte CHP'nin din siyasetinde meydana gelen değişikliklere değinilmekte; daha sonra DP'nin din siyaseti ele alınmaktadır. İnceleme yapılırken DP'nin anılan dönemde uygulamaya koyduğu düzenlemeler ayrıntılı bir biçimde irdelenmektedir. Bu özelliğinden dolayı çalışmanın bir vaka incelemesi (case study) olduğu söylenebilir. Sonuç olarak, tek parti dönemi din siyasetinin (militan laiklik), çok partili yaşama geçişle birlikte CHP ile değişmeye başladığı; DP'nin ise söz konusu din siyasetini daha ödüncü bir biçimde sürdürdüğü; ancak özünde CHP'nin din siyasetine bağlı kaldığı söylenebilir. ; This study exarnines the policies towards religion in the first four years of the Demoeratic Party's role between 1950 and 1954. This period will be considered both because of methodological reasons to do a detailed studyand because of the importance of the time period as the first years of the multiparty politics inTurkey. The paper attemts to analyze the changes in the parties' policies toward religion after the transition to multiparty politics. First, the policy of the Republican Peeple' s Party towards religion is analyzed in short and then the Demoeratic Party's policyand practices towards religion are studied in detai!. The Democratic Party' s practices in the issue area of religion are taken into account when evaiuating its policy towards religion. The study aims to be a case study. The changes in the one party regime's attitude towards religion had first been initiated by the ...