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Vols. 3-4 are loose-leaf. ; v. 1. Introduction. Federal cases.--v. 2. State cases.--v. 3. Case supplement.--v. 4. Instructions, appendix, index-digest, and cumulative supplement. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Political activity is a type of social activity displayed by citizens. Observations and research indicate that gender can be a factor which conditions its degree and forms. Apart from biological gen­der, which shapes the societal roles of women and men, additional factors that are supposedly respon­sible for their activities include elements of the system of beliefs (i.e. acknowledged political values, conviction that political activity has an importance, level of satisfaction with democracy as well as individualism and collectivism understood as an element of individual's mentality). The impact of those factors on degree of conventional political activities among women and men is the subject of surveys which were conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2014 on a group of 1048 students from Polish universities. The received results show that differences in political activity between surveyed men and women as well as varying determinants in both groups are slowly fading away. The most important predictors of women's political activity include: conviction of its significance in democracy and (dis)satisfaction with the way it functions.

ANALYSIS OF TACITUS' DIALOGUE INDICATES TACITUS' CONCERN WITH THE CHANGING NATURE OF POLITICAL ACTIVITY UNDER VARIOUS POLITICAL REGIMES. THE TRANSITION FROM THE ROMAN REPUBLIC TO THE TYRANNY OF THE PRINCIPATE NECESSITATED THE CHAGE FROM A RELIANCE ON ORATORY TO A RELIANCE ON ART AS THE NEW MODE OF POLITICAL ACTIVITY.

This study examines the att's of citizens to actions that might be taken under hyp'al conditions of gov'al oppression. A technique called Polarized Subgroup Analysis (PSA) was used to divide a nat'l sample of adults (N= 1,200, 18 yrs of age or older) into groups that varied in the amount of systemic punishment that they had experienced. Those who had experienced greater amounts of systemic punishment were less pol'ly active & more rigid in the modes of action that they had utilized. They were more rigid psychol'ly & had higher levels of endorsement of official internal & internat'l use of force. A theory of reduced alternatives is proposed, which hyp'izes that systemic punishment leads to a reduction in pol'al activity as well as behavioral & psychol'al rigidity. It is this rigidity that leads to anxiety over complex situations & increased dependency upon & subsequent identification with authority to reduce the anxiety. This identification then results in greater endorsement of official uses of force, as well as reduced opposition to gov'al oppression. Opposition to gov requires a wide range of pol'al alternatives, which reduces anxiety & dependence & the need for identification. The conditions under which withdrawal (alienation) may occur are briefly discussed. Evidence is given that nonwhites in the US do not identify with authority. (See also SA 0829/E9781.) Modified HA.

Migrants from Appalachia are seen as an emergent Ur ethnic group because of their distinct demographic profile & ingroup/outgroup recognition. However, a comparison of political activity indicators shows that white Appalachians in the Cincinnati, Ohio, metropolitan area most closely resemble the local black population. Data were gathered through survey interviews of 753 white non-Appalachians, 237 white Appalachians, & 127 black non-Appalachians. Appalachian origin appears to have little direct bearing on Rs' political behavior. 2 Tables, 15 References. Modified HA.

This study examines the attitudes of citizens to actions that might be taken under hypothetical conditions of governmental oppression. A technique called Polarized Sub group Analysis (PSA) was used to divide a national sample of adults into groups that varied in the amount of systemic pun ishment that they had experienced. Those who had experi enced greater amounts of systemic punishment were less politi cally active and more rigid in the modes of action that they had utilized. They were more rigid psychologically and had higher levels of endorsement of official internal and international uses of force. A theory of reduced alternatives is proposed, which hypothe sizes that systemic punishment leads to a reduction in political activity as well as behavioral and psychological rigidity. It is this rigidity that leads to anxiety over complex situations and increased dependency upon and subsequent identification with authority to reduce the anxiety. This identification then re sults in greater endorsement of official uses of force, as well as reduced opposition to governmental oppression. Opposition to government requires a wide range of political alternatives, which reduces anxiety and dependence and the need for identi fication. The conditions under which withdrawal (alienation) may occur are briefly discussed. Evidence is given that non- whites in the United States do not identify with authority.

The aim of this paper is to make a modest contribution toward improved understanding of how the political process actually operates in America. It reports the results of some research on individual citizen participation in political activity and describes a tool that may be used for classifying individuals in terms of the amount of political activity in which they engage. Finally it outlines some differences that are observed when attitudes with respect to some public personalities and issues held by the politically active portion of the citizenry are compared with attitudes of the politically inert.The research study from which the data reported here are derived is one of a long series carried out over the past five years for the Public Relations Department of the Standard Oil Company (N. J.). The primary purpose of these studies has been to find out how the company stands with the American public —to learn what virtues people credit to it and what sins they think it is committing. Research on such topics inevitably involves the question of who among the vast body of American citizens are most articulate in their feelings about big corporations and most concerned to defend or attack them. Since similar questions arise whenever the citizen's role with respect to any public issue comes up, the tools developed for corporation public relations may have much wider applicability and usefulness.