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After the Byelorussian presidential elections in 2020, there was a turning point in the Ukrainian- Byelorussian relations, but there were almost no changes in the sphere of economic cooperation. In the first half of 2020, Byelorussia and Ukraine actively cooperated in the economic sphere. Minsk's resistance to integration with Russia was supported by Ukraine. Kiev also depended on fuel supplies from Byelorussia. Despite the political confrontation that began in August 2020, Minsk and Kiev have maintained stable economic relations. In the first half of 2021, political antagonism intensified. However, this situation did not have a clear negative impact on the economic relations between Byelorussia and Ukraine.

Forty years ago, an intelligent Englishman in a private letter described his impressions of the then state of American politics. "When educated men get to talking politics," he wrote, "they have a sort of bitter despair in their minds which is not pleasant to listen to. I dare say the solution is one which was told me the other day. There is nothing in politics now." "In a happy country like this, politics don't affect great questions or the happiness of the nation." "Politics is all dullness relieved by rascality."For the greater part of the sixty years since the Civil War, Sir Cecil Spring-Rice's description of American politics has held substantially true, though of course more true at some times than others. The twelve-year period through which we have just passed was one of the intervals of which it was distinctly rather more than less true. Since then there has been a change. It is no longer true that politics do not affect great questions or the happiness of the nation.

The political history of gold in the United States is inseparable from X that of silver. In large measure it is simply the obverse of the history of silver. Looked at positively, the case for silver was an attack on gold monometallism; looked at negatively, the case against silver was a defense of the single gold standard. Another and very practical reason for relating the history of gold to that of silver is that the story of what has happened to silver affords an enlightening parallel to what is happening, and conceivably may happen, to gold.

The focal point of the article is the future of the European Union that has been challenged by the deepest systemic crisis in its history. The world economic and financial crisis became merely a catalyst for those problems that had existed earlier and had not been addressed properly by the EU leadership. The author argues that the EU crisis can be overcome only by new common efforts of its member-states and new integrationist projects.

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020.