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Abstract
Establishment exposure to crime is a frequent occurrence and a severe impediment to business operation in developing economies. We present a simple theory for the frequency and severity of crime across establishment size and evaluate its central predictions using micro-data. We find that high expectation of crime at the establishment level is strongly associated with lower sales, labor and capital. Consistent with our theory, crime has a differential role across size and is less prevalent among the smallest and largest establishments. When evaluated relative to major distortions to production highlighted in developing economies, crime remains important for explaining establishment size.

Organised crime, criminal organisations and criminal networks -- Applying a network perspective to organised crime -- Strengths and vulnerabilities of networks -- Enablers of organised criminal groups -- Organised crime and law enforcement -- Disrupting organised criminal groups -- Network structure -- Network dynamics and tensions.

This volume looks at the emerging perspective of the social license and white-collar and corporate crime in criminal justice. While most scholarship explains the frequent lack of police involvement, prosecution, and punishment through various theoretical perspectives that reflect the legal license to operate, the social license to operate illustrates punishment of violations that can cause termination of executives, market loss, and other serious harm to individuals and firms. This book presents several case studies where fraud examiners reviewed the legal license, while the social license was ignored, distinguishing between punishment from violations of the legal license and punishment from violations of the social license to operate. This volume is ideal for crime analysts and scholars of corporate and white-collar crime.

THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE YUGOSLAV WAR CRIME TRIBUNAL. IT EVALUATES THE ABILITY OF THE HAGUE TRIBUNAL TO TRY AND PUNISH VIOLATORS OF THE LAWS OF WAR. IT ALSO CONSIDERS THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW. HISTORICAL AND LEGAL JUSIFICATION OF FOUR PRIMARY REGULATIONS GOVERNING WAR CRIMES--INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY, SUPERIOR ORDERS, THE RESPONSIBILITY OF COMMANDING OFFICERS, AND THE CULPABILITY OF HEADS OF STATE--ARE DISCUSSED.

This report summarises the proceedings of a workshop organised by the European Parliament's Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI), in association with the Committee on Legal Affairs (JURI) and the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE). Academics and practitioners discussed international trends as regards the concept of universal jurisdiction and the EU's approach to promoting universal jurisdiction through its external relations, as well as practical experience in applying universal jurisdiction in the fight against impunity in Europe. The experts agreed that universal jurisdiction can play a role as part of a wider accountability strategy, complementary to international courts and prosecutions on other jurisdictional bases. They recommended more specialised training for investigators, prosecutors, judges and law enforcement staff for universal jurisdiction cases and more cooperation at EU and international level. Speakers supported the initiative for a multilateral treaty on mutual legal assistance and extradition. Special attention in universal jurisdiction cases must be given to victims seeking justice, including for sexual and gender-based crimes.

Varieties of youth justice / Anthony N. Doob and Michael Tonry -- Youth justice in Great Britain / Anthony Bottoms and James Dignan -- Youth justice in Canada / Anthony N. Doob and Jane B. Sprott -- Youth justice in New Zealand / Allison Morris -- Youth justice in the Netherlands / Josine Junger-Tas -- Youth justice in Denmark / Britta Kyvsgaard -- Youth justice in Sweden / Carl-Gunnar Janson -- Youth justice in Germany / Hans-Jorg Albrecht -- Public opinion and youth justice / Julian V. Roberts -- Restoration in youth justice / Lode Walgrave

During the last three decades, crime victims have increasingly been recognized by the criminal justice system as more than just witnesses for the prosecution. For example, in all 50 states crime victims are afforded specific statutory rights ranging from being treated with dignity and respect to having the opportunity to participate in the justice process, the latter most commonly seen during the sentencing phase where victims address the court and their offenders and describes how the crime has impacted their lives. Additionally, an increase in the number and type of programs based on the philosophy of restorative justice in recent years has given crime victims additional opportunities to participate in the justice process. Restorative justice programming allows crime victims to engage in direct dialogue with their offender, either as an alternative to traditional justice processing or, in some cases, as a post-trial process. Finally, arguably the clearest signal of the recognition of crime victims as individuals in need and not just witnesses to a crime is the more than $4 billion that the federal government has distributed in grant funds for crime victim compensation and crime victim assistance programs since 1986. These grant funds have contributed to a dramatic increase in justice system-based victim assistance programs that provide referrals and direct services in an attempt to meet victims' needs. Yet, even with the expansion of justice system policies and programs that have increased victim involvement with the criminal justice system, our understanding of what leads them to have satisfactory experiences with the justice system is extremely limited. Using both quantitative and qualitative data obtained from a sample of felony crime victims whose offenders were charged and tried by a large Midwestern county's prosecutor's office, this dissertation seeks to better understand the factors that are related to, and predictive of, crime victims' satisfaction with the outcomes of their cases and embarks on an ...

Econometric studies of crime have typically assumed that crime rates and sanction levels are determined simultaneously. and to achieve identification they have assumed that particular exogenous variables affect sanction levels but not crime rates. In this article it is suggested that individuals'decisions on whether to participate in criminal activity depend on perceived sanction levels that depend in turn on sanction levels realized in past periods. With decisions made in this manner, crime rates and sanction levels are not determined simultaneously, and the identification problem in its usual form does not arise. Our econometric results are consistent with this view; arrest and imprisonment sanctions have little contemporaneous effect on burglary, larceny, and robbery rates. Lagged effects, although greater than contemporaneous effects, are statistically significant only in the case of robbery.

This book focus on national identity as the root of the crisis through Russia's long-term refusal to view Ukrainians as a separate people and an unwillingness to recognise the sovereignty and borders of independent Ukraine

1. Understanding corrections : where are we? -- 2. The history of American corrections : where did we come from? -- 3. Corrections and the courts -- 4. Community corrections -- 5. Restorative community justice -- 6. Jails -- 7. Prisons and prison life -- 8. Correctional administrators and personnel -- 9. Special populations in prison -- 10. Women offenders and correctional workers -- 11. Juvenile corrections -- 12. The death penalty in America -- 13. The future of corrections.