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The pol'al thought of Mosca underwent an evolution which led it from the anti-parliamentary & anti-democratic polemics of his first writings to an overtly liberal position in his more mature yrs. In effect, the 2 themes which make up the key of his system and upon which his fame rests, `pol'al class' & `pol'al formula' (which we are more apt to designate as `elites' & `ideology') are treated in his earlier works in a clearly anti-democratic sense. Experience & more extensive study of the parliamentary system later produced a more favorable attitude & the concept of `judicial defense' which is at the heart of the defense of individual liberties. It is thus that Mosca adheres to the liberal tradition & to an original interpretation of democracy. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

This article reviews four special issues of The Annals devoted to international exchange programs and the U.S. image. These volumes offer four decades of insight into personal contact across national borders through international exchange programs during the cold war era. The article concludes that cold war accounts of international face-to-face contact reveal important public diplomacy lessons for the twenty-first century, particularly for the U.S.-led war on terror. Methods of public diplomacy developed then are applicable now, including the importance of dialogue in overcoming stereotypes, building relationships, and enhancing the national reputation of the United States during ideological contests. The article includes a reassessment of the international exchange of persons in light of this historical review. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright 2008 The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

The political conflicts during the Workers' Party administrations led by Luís Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff have been driven by disputes between two fractions of the country's bourgeoisie: the internal and the internationalized bourgeoisie. Their ideologies, policies, institutions, and forms of political representation have determined government policies and outcomes. These processes have unfolded within an authoritarian democracy whose structures have not been challenged by the party. The party's limited power and continuing timidity have produced an aggressive reaction by the internationalized bourgeoisie and the upper middle class, leading to a severe crisis in the administration of President Dilma Rousseff.

This is an Open Access Conference Paper. It is published by Design Research Society under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) licence. Full details of this licence are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ; In this paper I advance the theory of critical communication design by exploring the politics of data, information and knowledge visualisation in three bodies of work. Data reflects power relations, special interests and ideologies that determine which data is collected, what data is used and how it is used. In a review of Max Roser's Our World in Data, I develop the concepts of digital positivism, datawash and darkdata. Looking at the Climaps by Emaps project, I describe how knowledge visualisation can support integrated learning on complex problems and nurture relational perception. Finally, I present my own Mapping Climate Communication project and explain how I used discourse mapping to develop the concept of discursive confusion and illustrate contradictions in this politicised area. Critical approaches to information visualisation reject reductive methods in favour of more nuanced ways of presenting information that acknowledge complexity and the political dimension on issues of controversy.

This is an original look at the political future of democracy, exploring the latest ideas aimed at renewing popular power. Leading European, American and Australian democratic theorists explore a range of contemporary themes.

- Die chinesische Erfahrung: Maos Doktrin + - Auswirkungen + - Grundlagen der Außenwirtschaftsbeziehungen + - Ideologie und Strategie des Westhandels + - SU-Erfahrung: Industrialisierung und Außenhandel in den 30er Jahren + - Kalter Krieg + - Neue West-Öffnung + - Öffnung in den 70er Jahren

This article provides a systematic comparative overview of party governments in 11 Central Eastern European countries. The review is based on the compilation of a cross-national data set on postcommunist party governments from 1990 to 2003. The presentation of the data is organized in the same way as the party government data for Western democracies presented by Woldendorp et al in 1998. Thus, the data provide empirical grounds for further comparative research on party governments in Central Eastern European countries, as well as among Central Eastern & Western Europe. 2 Tables, 1 Appendix, 6 References. Adapted from the source document.

Global intellectual history has attracted traction in the past decade, but the field remains focused on the modern period and the diffusion of Western political concepts, ideologies, and methodologies. This paper suggests that juxtaposing political texts from the medieval Islamic world with their Christian counterparts will allow for a better understanding of the contours of the debate on the space for politics, framed in primary sources as the perennial tug of war between religious and lay authority. The implications of this line of inquiry for the history of European political thought are significant as well. Many of the premises and characteristics that are considered singularly European, such as continuity between past and present, as well as a strong performative regard to political thought, are equally present in non-European (in this instance Islamic) debates. It is more a matter of perspective than essence that distinguishes the history of European political thought, and a wider perspective through juxtaposition of texts and concepts would enhance the global debate by introducing new questions from rarely visited quarters.

This paper examineshow Ujamaa and traditional patriarchal ideologies influence the (de)construction and (re)definition of masculinities in Gamba la Nyoka, particularlyin the process of the implementation of nationalization and villagization policies. The paper adopts Judith Butler and Robert Connell theories of masculinity as well as Louis Althusser's concept of interpellation to read and understand how Ujamaa and patriarchal ideology influence men's masculinity. Through the portrayal of male characters, the novel reveals that political and cultural ideologies play a significant role in the construction of masculinity. The novel indicates that masculinity is a social construct that is subject to constant changes. Through this novel, Kezilahabi emphasizes that for a society to build a new nation, changes are inevitable. The novel dismantles conventional gender relations and complements them with modern ones; the state that allows emergence of new masculinities. From this emergence, Gamba la Nyoka emphasizes that masculinity is a mutable subject. It changes over time, within contexts, and in response to various changes in the individuals as well as in a wider community.