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This paper aims to explore the dynamics of competition in the Asia Pacific region. The analysis in this article used a qualitative approach based on secondary data. The data collected from the official reports and other relevant sources. The findings showed that there is instability in intrastate politics, it does not have much effect on regional political constellations. Geopolitical and geo-economic shifts in the region are ongoing so it is natural that there is a process of adaptation that creates a bit of friction with domestic politics. Economy and military serve as a power base for superpowers to be able to spread its influence in a minor power state. However, the power of the superpower is not always constant. The tide of the presence of force can affect the political constellation of the region and lead to changes in hegemony.

ABSTRACTIt is a widely shared belief that political instability is on the rise in European democracies. In order to test such a statement in a more rigorous manner we introduce a concept of political stability that is suitable for the description of the cross‐sectional and longitudinal variation in basic aspects of the political systems of Western Europe. A confirmatory factor analysis of standard indicators on political instability applied to European data indicates that six properties are semantically relevant: public sector deficit, inflation, governmental change, party system volatility, violence, and protests. The main findings from the cross‐sectional analysis are that political instability has become less a Latin phenomenon in Europe and that theories of political stability emphasizing two‐partyism or consociationalism encounter severe counter‐instances. The main findings from the longitudinal analysis are that political instability vanes over time and that it is not on the rise in the present situation. The combined cross‐sectional and longitudinal analysis shows clearly that it is not the case that nations are either stable or unstable in all aspects of the political system, but that the major dimensions of the concept of political stability vary extensively in relation to each other.

There exists a considerable ongoing debate in political science about past and future trends in the political legitimacy of Western democratic systems. While the empirical findings for historical periods are mixed and the indicators have a questionable validity across countries and time periods, assumptions and conditions of a scenario utilized in experimental runs with a formalized computer model indicate long-term decline in political legitimacy in five Western countries under study. The scenario implies increasing distributional conflicts and rising short-term maximization of goals by societal actors. This causes long-term decline in macro-economic performance. Following Eastonian terminology the politi cal section of the model differentiates between two layers of political support: support for the incumbent government and support for the political regime (legitimacy). As far as the data situation permits model parameters are "estimated" using a specific technique combining simulation and iterative parameter optimization

"Today's world is scorched with civil strifes, political insurgencies, organised crime, injustice, want, and above all international tension and terrorism. The spate of mass killings, liquidations, arrests, persecutions and tortures is appalling. The plight of man everywhere is in fact chaotic. At issue are the old and basic questions of relations of production, socio-economic, socio-political, cultural and international relationships. These problems together constitute a potential source for the destruction of mankind. This book is concerned with the above issues, with special reference to the Nigerian question." (aus dem Vorwort)

Der erfolgreiche Verlauf der Transformationsstrategie in den baltischen Staaten ist wesentlich auf die friktionslose Art des Machtwechsels nach den jeweiligen parlamentarischen Wahlen und die damit ermöglichte politische Kontinuität zurückzuführen. Diesem Umstand liegt maßgeblich die Tatsache zugrunde, daß das Parteiensystem in diesen Ländern nicht durch ethnische Spaltungen gekennzeichnet und vergleichsweise homogen ist. Dadurch ist es den Parteien möglich, sich stärker auf politische und ideologische Fragen zu konzentrieren. (BIOst-Mrk)

Henry Siegman asks whether the next US President can rescue a two-state solution to the Israel–Palestine conflict; Lakhdar Brahimi discusses Iran – war or peace in the Middle East?; Eric Rouleau assesses the Iranian nuclear threat; Walid Khadduri looks at concerns over the future of Iraq and regional implications.

This paper examines the role of institutional factors, primarily, political stability, in shaping the dynamics of innovation activity in today's modern society. Using panel data consisting of 26 African countries from the period between 1996 and 2016 as well as employing the negative binomial estimate, we model the impact of those factors on the number of applications for patents per resident. GDP per capita, education and also other institutional factors including the rule of law and financial freedom. The results reveal a strong positive effect of the rule of law on patenting activity. © Foundation of International Studies, 2020 © CSR, 2020. ; Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, DAAD ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka ; Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego, MNiSW ; The authors are thankful to the Russian Ministry of Education and Science, DAAD, The Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland for financial support to carry out this research. Thanks (IOS, Regensburg) for hosting James Okrah for the period of his research internship with them, with special thanks to Dr Alexander Nepp (Supervisor), Dr. Olga Popova (IOS, Regensburg), Prof. Richard Frensch (IOS, Regensburg) and Dr Stefan Huber for their support.

Analyzes Costa Rica's political stability over the last four decades. Two basic features are emphasized: (1) the efforts to redistribute wealth; & (2) the abolition of the army as a permanent institution. Adapted from the source document.