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Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), American writer of Russian origin, was the author of fiction written first in Russian and then in American English. His work has been a constant source of fascination for his readers, but their interpretation has been limited by its reception. Upon the publication of Lolita (1955), Nabokov is seen as a precursor of American postmodernism. His writings are interpreted as the climax of the modernist quest for artistic autonomy and a triumph of autotelic creation, and a poetic of "tyranny" is identified in his work, with the author reigning supreme as an "absolute dictator."However, Nabokov had never ceased to be preoccupied with two political issues in 20th century History, which he continuously denounced in his writings: the issue of the submission of art to any kind of ideology and that of tyranny illustrated by the Nazi and Soviet political regimes. From the very beginning of his career, in his Russian texts and later in his American texts, Nabokov's work examines the consequences of the Bolshevik Revolution, seen as the historical event that changes the "distribution of the sensible" (J. Rancière) in the 20th century. The autotelic nature of his work, whose features should be defined in opposition to aesthetic forms that celebrate the commitment of art, actually indicates that Nabokov defines a new "politics of literature" (J. Rancière) based on emancipation, which Nabokov calls "a magic democracy" and considers to be a "critical art" whose aesthetic effect is predicated on its distance, thus including "in the form of the work the confrontation between what the world is and what the world may become" (J. Rancière). ; Écrite d'abord en russe puis en anglo-américain, l'œuvre romanesque de Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), écrivain américain d'origine russe, fascine ses lecteurs, mais leur participation à l'achèvement de cette œuvre artistique a été singulièrement restreinte par sa réception. La publication de Lolita (1955) le transforme en précurseur du postmodernisme américain. ...

Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), American writer of Russian origin, was the author of fiction written first in Russian and then in American English. His work has been a constant source of fascination for his readers, but their interpretation has been limited by its reception. Upon the publication of Lolita (1955), Nabokov is seen as a precursor of American postmodernism. His writings are interpreted as the climax of the modernist quest for artistic autonomy and a triumph of autotelic creation, and a poetic of "tyranny" is identified in his work, with the author reigning supreme as an "absolute dictator."However, Nabokov had never ceased to be preoccupied with two political issues in 20th century History, which he continuously denounced in his writings: the issue of the submission of art to any kind of ideology and that of tyranny illustrated by the Nazi and Soviet political regimes. From the very beginning of his career, in his Russian texts and later in his American texts, Nabokov's work examines the consequences of the Bolshevik Revolution, seen as the historical event that changes the "distribution of the sensible" (J. Rancière) in the 20th century. The autotelic nature of his work, whose features should be defined in opposition to aesthetic forms that celebrate the commitment of art, actually indicates that Nabokov defines a new "politics of literature" (J. Rancière) based on emancipation, which Nabokov calls "a magic democracy" and considers to be a "critical art" whose aesthetic effect is predicated on its distance, thus including "in the form of the work the confrontation between what the world is and what the world may become" (J. Rancière). ; Écrite d'abord en russe puis en anglo-américain, l'œuvre romanesque de Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), écrivain américain d'origine russe, fascine ses lecteurs, mais leur participation à l'achèvement de cette œuvre artistique a été singulièrement restreinte par sa réception. La publication de Lolita (1955) le transforme en précurseur du postmodernisme américain. Aboutissement de la quête moderne de l'autonomie de l'art et triomphe de l'autotélisme artistique, sa création se trouve alors interprétée en poétique « tyrannique » sur laquelle règne l'auteur en « dictateur absolu ». Vladimir Nabokov, pourtant, n'a cessé d'identifier dans l'Histoire et de combattre dans son œuvre deux questions politiques du vingtième siècle : celle de la soumission de l'art à l'idéologie (quelle qu'en soit le nom) et celle de la tyrannie (actualisée par les régimes politiques nazi et soviétique). Dès l'origine, sa création de langue russe, puis anglo-américaine, est synchronisée avec les conséquences, tant en Russie qu'en Occident, de la Révolution bolchevique, l'événement historique qui change le « partage du sensible » (Jacques Rancière) vingtiémiste. La nature autotélique de sa création, dont les caractéristiques sont à redéfinir en opposition aux formes artistiques prônant l'engagement de l'art, indique en réalité que Nabokov propose une nouvelle « politique de la littérature » (Jacques Rancière) de l'émancipation qu'il a lui-même appelée du nom de « démocratie magique » et fait d'elle un « art critique » dont l'effet politique passe par sa distance esthétique, incluant « dans la forme de l'œuvre la confrontation de ce que le monde est avec ce que le monde pourrait être » (Jacques Rancière).

The main hypothesis of this study is that the works of Maurice Blanchot (collections of critical essays, novels as short stories) are part of a metapolitical projet pervaded by the question of sovereignty. And it is that precisely this inquiry that supplies the juncture point beteween Blanchot's public interventions and his literary texts. The crucial part played in this work by the Revolution and the Law, as well as the allegorical anchoring of his texts in the historical conditions that preside to their production, are elements that exceed the neo-modernist ideology. On the other hand, Blanchot's is a pivotal work that announces a turning point that equally affects the juridical mediation of power, focalized on the person of the Sovereign, and the idea of the aesthetic state that postulates an essential connection between the artistic creation and the constitution of the community. Blanchot's case is a token of a renewal in the conditions of representation, and this may be the reason why his work is a milestone for the contemporary thought that brings forth a post-sovereign paradigm. With regard to the body of work analyzed, we made the choice to study the texts less read by the critiques. Consequently, rather than focusing on the well known critical books, we investigated what seems to be the veiled section of Blanchot's undertaking : the texts of the 1930's, for a large part never reprinted since their apparition ; the literary columns published in Journal de débars between 1940 and 1944 ; the political and cultural articles subsequent of the political turn that takes place in 1958 ; and finally, the first dystopical stories, « Le dernier mot' and « L'Idylle », as well as the novel Le Très-Haut. ; L'hypothèse principale qui sous-tend cette recherche est que les œuvres de Maurice Blanchot (recueils critiques, romans et récits) s'inscrivent dans un projet métapolitique dont le fil rouge est la problématique de la souveraineté. C'est celle-ci qui fournit le point d'articulation entre les interventions publiques ...

The main hypothesis of this study is that the works of Maurice Blanchot (collections of critical essays, novels as short stories) are part of a metapolitical projet pervaded by the question of sovereignty. And it is that precisely this inquiry that supplies the juncture point beteween Blanchot's public interventions and his literary texts. The crucial part played in this work by the Revolution and the Law, as well as the allegorical anchoring of his texts in the historical conditions that preside to their production, are elements that exceed the neo-modernist ideology. On the other hand, Blanchot's is a pivotal work that announces a turning point that equally affects the juridical mediation of power, focalized on the person of the Sovereign, and the idea of the aesthetic state that postulates an essential connection between the artistic creation and the constitution of the community. Blanchot's case is a token of a renewal in the conditions of representation, and this may be the reason why his work is a milestone for the contemporary thought that brings forth a post-sovereign paradigm. With regard to the body of work analyzed, we made the choice to study the texts less read by the critiques. Consequently, rather than focusing on the well known critical books, we investigated what seems to be the veiled section of Blanchot's undertaking : the texts of the 1930's, for a large part never reprinted since their apparition ; the literary columns published in Journal de débars between 1940 and 1944 ; the political and cultural articles subsequent of the political turn that takes place in 1958 ; and finally, the first dystopical stories, « Le dernier mot' and « L'Idylle », as well as the novel Le Très-Haut. ; L'hypothèse principale qui sous-tend cette recherche est que les œuvres de Maurice Blanchot (recueils critiques, romans et récits) s'inscrivent dans un projet métapolitique dont le fil rouge est la problématique de la souveraineté. C'est celle-ci qui fournit le point d'articulation entre les interventions publiques et les textes littéraires de Blanchot. Le rôle central dévolu par cet auteur à la Révolution et à la Loi, ainsi que l'encrage allégorique de ses textes dans les conditions historiques qui président à leur émergence sont des éléments qui permettent de les soustraire à l'idéologie néo-moderniste. D'autre part, on a voulu montrer qu'il s'agit d'une œuvre charnière, à partir de laquelle peut être investigué un double tournant. Celui-ci affecte à la fois la médiation juridique du pouvoir, axée sur la figure du souverain, et la doctrine de l'Etat esthétique fondée sur la relation entre la production de l'art et la constitution du peuple. L'exemple de Blanchot permet d'envisager un renouvellement des conditions représentationnelles, et c'est sans doute pour cette raison que cet auteur est devenu une référence inaugurale pour les pensées contemporaines qui se proposent de dépasser l'horizon juridico-politique de la souveraineté. En ce qui concerne le corpus analysé, le parti-pris de cette thèse est de privilégier des textes moins discutés par l'exégèse blanchotienne. Ainsi, plutôt que de relire les grands recueils critiques, il s'est agi d'analyser de manière détaillée le volet en quelque sorte caché du dispositif mis en place par Blanchot: les articles des années 1930, qui n'ont pas été, pour la plupart, réédités ; les chroniques publiées dans le Journal des débats, entre 1941 et 1944 ; les interventions politiques et culturelles postérieures à 1958 ; sur le plan de la fiction, les premiers récits dystopiques, « Le dernier mot » et « L'Idylle », ainsi que le roman Le Très-Haut.

This book brings together ten contributions from French and foreign specialists whose research and work focus on contemporary Spanish-language literature. They analyse the ways in which certain historical events, violence, memory, and political activism find their way into the narrative device in order to make it politically singular. They explore these relationships in a variety of ways, from an interdisciplinary perspective, at the crossroads of literature, philosophy, cinema and contemporary history. Ce volume qui inaugure la collection Saxifrages interroge et met en relation aussi bien les champs de la poétique, du politique et de l'éthique que le travail de la fiction. Car la fiction, à l'instar de la métaphore vive, désocculte les structures profondes de la réalité auxquelles nous sommes reliés en tant que mortels (Ricœur) et élabore un système d'évidences sensibles qui donne à voir l'existence (Rancière). Le constat d'un retour au réel – voire à une certaine forme de réalisme – dans la littérature contemporaine des dernières décennies réactualise ces réflexions et approches du travail de la fiction et des images en tant qu'objets esthétiques capables de faire sens et de réinventer notre imaginaire politique (Didi­ Huberman). Comment la littérature procède-­t-­elle lorsqu'elle n'est plus censée refléter comme le miroir stendhalien la réalité ? Comment traiter le politique faufilé dans la fiction lorsqu'il ne s'agit plus de le représenter « simplement » ? Car lire le politique, en traquer les traces qui se glissent entre les failles et fissures d'un champ social ou artistique pour œuvrer de l'intérieur en craquelant – comme le font les forces faibles des saxifrages – les systèmes clos et « parfaits », c'est appréhender cette faculté de faire sens, de fictionner. On trouvera réunies ici dix contributions de spécialistes français et étrangers dont la recherche et les travaux portent sur la littérature hispanophone contemporaine. Ils analysent les manières dont certains événements historiques, la violence, la mémoire, l'engagement se faufilent dans le dispositif narratif pour le singulariser politiquement. Ils explorent ces rapports sous des aspects les plus divers, dans une perspective interdisciplinaire, à la croisée de la littérature, la philosophie, le cinéma, l'histoire contemporaine.

Since there is no state structure in the Jahiliyyah Period, political situation is highly uncertain and mysterious. However, the political situation reached its peak with the Umayyad dynasty while still being present during the Jahiliyyah Period. It is a known fact that the civilizations of The Jahiliyyah Period are quite different from the other civilizations in the past times. Due to geographic hardships, it is impossible to survive in the Arabian Peninsula with a nuclear family. Thus, the people of the age were forced to live with groups of people who are gathered by kindred ship. These group created the concept of tribe as a social structure. A tribe is a small state in the desert who has a socio-politic structure more than just kindred ship. Tribe members live in the tribe they are born into and obey to its rules. In addition, the tribe members join battles, get their revenge, and internalize the honour and reputation of their tribe as their own. Each tribe has a leader, and the tribes are governed by their leaders. The term "tribe" also states the political organization inside the tribe. The spirit that leads the members of a tribe to take action against the hazards and act together is called Asabiyyah. The motto of Asabiyyah is "help your brother, tyrant or oppressed". The people of the period were forced to comply with the rules and the politics that are created by the formation of tribes. Tribe life affected the literary works of the period. The poets of the period wrote many political praise poems to help their tribe dominate the politics, and many political satiric poems to criticize their enemies. In this article, political poems written in the Jahiliyyah period will be exemplified.