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The present paper shows de design of an experimental study conducted with large groups using educational innovation methodologies at the Polytechnic University of Madrid. Concretely, we have chosen the course titled "History and Politics of Sports" that belongs to the Physical Activity and Sport Science Degree. The selection of this course is because the syllabus is basically theoretical and there are four large groups of freshmen students who do not have previous experiences in a teaching-learning process based on educational innovation. It is hope that the results of this research can be extrapolated to other courses with similar characteristics.

The paper explores the recent presidential electoral processesbeing held in Central American countries since 2004. Theelectoral processes suggest a shift toward center and left winggovernments. Also some scenarios and perspectives are mentionedin the democratic consolidation of the isthmus countries.

The decline of city heart lands is a now generalized phenomenum in the which a whole series of factors are here felt to be in play. It is seen to normally go hand in hand with a decentralizing dispersal of economic activity the which brings in a sapping of areas hitherto highly productive. Great Britain is a nation that has now a well tried tradition in the field of re-vitalizing twilight city zones. This is seen to be due to its economic and political circumstances. The Conservative Party's name has come to be linked with the so-called City Development Corporations, these being exemplified by that set up in London where, under the name of the London Dockland Development Corporation, it undertook a far reaching redeveloping of the moribund docklands by putting up the area for other uses. ; La decadencia de los centros urbanos es un fenómeno de carácter general, en el que intervienen un gran número de factores. Normalmente va aparejado a una descentralización espacial de las actividades económicas, lo que produce el declive de antiguas zonas de localización industrial. Gran Bretaña es uno de los países donde las políticas de regeneración de áreas urbanas en declive ha tenido mayor tradición. Su desarrollo está unido a circunstancias económicas y políticas. Asociado al gobierno conservador y a su política económica liberal aparecen las Corporaciones de Desarrollo Urbano, que tienen su mayor exponente en la creada en Londres. Constituida bajo el nombre de London Dockland Development Corporation inicia un amplio proceso de recuperación de la antigua zona portuaria de Londres, ofertando suelo para otros usos.

[ES] Universities are able to incubate new companies, which are initiated either by students or by researchers from the university itself. Measuring the ability to build entrepreneurial capital indiscriminately for students and researchers is part of the role played by entrepreneurial universities (Audretsch, 2014) Hervás Oliver, JL.; Boronat Moll, C.; Messana Salinas, I. (2017). Start at the Spanish University: the case of the Polytechnic University of Valencia. Industrial Economy. (404): 115-123. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/112484 ; 115 123 404 ; [ES] Universities are able to incubate new companies, which are initiated either by students or by researchers from the university itself. Measuring the ability to build entrepreneurial capital indiscriminately for students and researchers is part of the role played by entrepreneurial universities (Audretsch, 2014) Hervás Oliver, JL.; Boronat Moll, C.; Messana Salinas, I. (2017). Start at the Spanish University: the case of the Polytechnic University of Valencia. Industrial Economy. (404): 115-123. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/112484 ; S ; [ES] Universities are able to incubate new companies, which are initiated either by students or by researchers from the university itself. Measuring the ability to build entrepreneurial capital indiscriminately for students and researchers is part of the role played by entrepreneurial universities (Audretsch, 2014) Hervás Oliver, JL.; Boronat Moll, C.; Messana Salinas, I. (2017). Start at the Spanish University: the case of the Polytechnic University of Valencia. Industrial Economy. (404): 115-123. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/112484 ; Proyecto ECO2015-63645-R, financiación recibida de MINECO y FEDER. ; [ES] Universities are able to incubate new companies, which are initiated either by students or by researchers from the university itself. Measuring the ability to build entrepreneurial capital indiscriminately for students and researchers is part of the role played by entrepreneurial universities (Audretsch, 2014) Hervás Oliver, JL.; ...

This work is framed in the development of information security policies for the Carchi State Polytechnic University (UPEC), as a requirement for the establishment of the Government Information Security Scheme (EGSI) based on the Ecuadorian technical standard INEN ISO/IEC 27001. The purpose of the elaboration of the information security policies for this institution is to have the necessary documentation to define the procedures to safeguard the information and modify the continuity in the operations of the institutional computer services. The methodology proposed by the EGSI and the ISO/IEC 27001 standard that establishes the requirements and controls for the necessary objectives for adequate management of security information were used. Information was collected from the team work of the IT department of the UPEC University to know in detail the portfolio information of the technological services offered to the university community. With the obtained information, a study of the controls established in the EGSI was carried out and each of them was related to the way of knowing the level of compliance and maturity of the Institution. The security Information policies were elaborated and evaluated taking as a starting point the EGSI sections that correspond to: asset security, secure software development, access control to computer systems, data network security, risk management and continuity of operations; actions that allow promoting continuous improvement in the continuity and incident management processes. ; El presente trabajo está enmarcado en el desarrollo de políticas de seguridad de la información para la Universidad Politécnica Estatal del Carchi (UPEC), como un requisito para el establecimiento del Esquema Gubernamental de Seguridad de la Información (EGSI) basado en la norma técnica ecuatoriana INEN-ISO/IEC-27001. El propósito de la elaboración de dichas políticas es disponer de la documentación necesaria que permita definir los procedimientos para salvaguardar la información y garantizar la continuidad en las operaciones de los servicios informáticos institucionales. Se utilizó la metodología propuesta por el EGSI y la ISO/IEC 27001 que establecen los requisitos y objetivos de control necesarios para la gestión de la seguridad de la información. Se realizó el levantamiento de información en las unidades de la Dirección de TIC de la UPEC para conocer a detalle el portafolio de servicios informáticos que se ofrecen a la comunidad universitaria. Con la información obtenida se realizó un estudio de los controles establecidos en el EGSI y se relacionó cada uno de ellos con la finalidad de conocer el nivel de cumplimiento y madurez de la Institución. Se elaboró y evaluó las políticas de seguridad de información tomando como punto de partida los trece apartados del EGSI que corresponden a: seguridad de activos, desarrollo de software seguro, control de acceso a sistemas informáticos, seguridad en redes, gestión de riesgos y continuidad de operaciones; acciones que permiten promover la mejora continua en los procesos de continuidad y gestión de incidentes.

This article aims at showing the development of a still ongoing historical shift in the relationship between civil society and the State, through social citizen's participation in the formulation and execution of public policy, from which even a new model of governance could be yielded. Is in the Latin American experience where we can find such an experimental 'laboratory' in which opportunities of participation are constantly furnished. It is concluded that this is a complex and, in certain moments, even confrontation-laden interaction, in which the 'conventional' States cannot easily adapt and smoothly process to the constant presence of social groups and their claims, nor the latter can re-accommodate to this novel fluid interaction with established power. This presents a paradox since no strategy of development could be devised without taking as one of its essential elements, the effective participation of civil society. ; Este artículo pretende mostrar cómo se ha ido generando un cambio histórico, no acabado, en la relación de la sociedad con el Estado, a través de la participación social en la política pública. Esto puede configurar incluso una nueva forma de hacer gobierno. Es en la experiencia latinoamericana donde se ha recreado un laboratorio en el que se gesta la oportunidad de participación. Se concluye que esta interacción es compleja y en momentos confrontativa, en la que el Estado convencional no se va a adaptar fácilmente a la presencia de grupos sociales ni estos se van a acomodar todavía a una fluida interacción con el poder establecido. Sin embargo, no cabe ninguna estrategia de desarrollo sin considerar, como elemento esencial, la participación efectiva de la sociedad.

The proposed paper will analyze the democratic political systems of Central American countries. After an initial theoretical reflection about the concepts of representation and representativeness in Central America, the paper will discuss the "perliementenretion" (or parliamentary tendencies) of the presidential systems of this subcontinent leading to an increasing compatibility between executive and legislative powers. The next section will make a more in depth comparative analysis of Central American perliements, focusing on the institutional position of the legislative assemblies and will refer to variables as political control mechanisms, agenda setting powers, minority rights and the effectiveness of the parliamentary and extra-parliamentary opposition. Finally the paper will present a comprehensive mapping of the veto players in the political systems in these Central American countries.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 118, 2008: 563-586 ; El presente ensayo analizará los sistemas políticos democráticos de los países centroamericanos. Después de hacer una reflexión teórica inicial acerca de los conceptos de representación y representatividad en el área, se discutirá la "parlamentación" (o las tendencias parlamentarias de los sistemas presidenciales del subcontinente, los cuales conducen a una creciente compatibilidad entre los poderes ejecutivos y legislativos. La siguiente sección hará un análisis más en profundidad de los parlamentos centroamericanos, enfocándose en la posición institucional de las asambleas legislativas y se referirá a variables tales como los mecanismos de control político, los poderes que crean las agendas, los derechos de las minorías y la afectividad de la oposición parlamentaria y extraparlamentaria. Finalmente, el texto presentará un mapeo exhaustivo de los actores que utilizaran el veto en los sistemas políticos centroamericanos.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 118, 2008: 563-586

Al fi nalizar la primera década de independencia, Asia Central vio llegar a su puerta sur la invasión y la guerra de Afganistán: hecho coetáneo con el renacimiento de una ola de identidad islámica de dimensión universal, todo lo cual revalorizó tanto su posición estratégica como los inmensos recursos de hidrocarburos, principalmente en la cuenca del Mar Caspio: Kazajstán, Turkmenistán y Uzbekistán. En este artículo se resume la trayectoria de la industria de hidrocarburos, incluso en la era soviética y su antecesora la zarista, para llegar a la situación actual con la injerencia de nuevos actores como Estados Unidos, Unión Europea, China y Turquía. ; A decade after attaining independence, former Soviet Central Asia was confronted on its southern border with the invasion and wars of Afghanistan: a fact that coincided with the rebirth of a wave of Islamic identity on a universal scale, all of which revalued both the area's strategic position as well as its immense energy resources, especially in the Caspian Sea basin: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. A brief account of the energy industry (oil and gas) is provided, both during the Soviet era and its czarist predecessor, leading to the present situation and the arrival of new actors such as United States, European Union, China and Turkey. ; 11-26 ; Semestral