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Jean-Marie Le Pen's Front National has been dismissed by some as not being a serious political movement because it brings together a diverse & not wholly consistent set of groups. Because it is such a hodgepodge of groups and individuals, it can be difficult to see it as an integrated and intellectually serious political force. However, one might also analyze the Front National from a different perspective & so come to understand that one of its strengths is its ability to accommodate different beliefs and trends. This is in fact a core element of its populist traditions, for the Front National can only be understand as a combination of traditionalism & populism - and political populism tends to produce eclectic results. 1 Appendix. D. Knaff

This article focuses on the complex relationships between populist movements, the implementation of market reform programs, & the development of democratic institutions. It considers the Peronist case during the 1990s. Although the study centers on the 1989-1999 period, it also takes into consideration the evolution of the Peronist movement across time. In Argentina, as in other Latin American countries, populist movements sustained reform programs during the last decade that contradicted their tradition. This article seeks to explain these phenomena. It contrasts populism as a dominant political culture in these countries with other political cultures, particularly republicanism, & associates it with a particular "style" of leadership & identity. This perspective demands a reexamination of the theories about populism, particularly with respect to its relationship with democratic politics & institutions & with specific public policies. Adapted from the source document.

This paper deals with the resurgence of populism in Latin America during the 1990s, & particularly with the similarities & differences that can be observed between "new" & "traditional" forms of populism. Through a comparative analysis of Peronism (Juan Peron's administration, 1946-1955) & Menemism (Carlos Menem's administration, 1989-1999) in Argentina, the author examines the representations conveyed by populism to explain its efficacy as a project of political mobilization. He concludes that populism is a type of movement that emphasizes the empathic link between the leader & the followers. 1 Table, 1 Figure. Adapted from the source document.

In this article, we examine the Turkish case for populism that was applied since the establishment of the multiparty regime on 1950. The originality of the Turkish case resides in two facts. (1) Populist policies were implemented by conservative center-Right governments rather than by Left governments as in some Latin American countries. Based on patron-client relations as a dominant characteristic of the rural social structure, these parties organized themselves as patronage networks. These party organizations can be characterized as machine-parties rather than as parties with coherent ideologies & national programs. Thus, they distributed to their clients the resources obtained more or less easily from foreign suppliers during the Cold War, due to Turkey's geostrategic importance as a NATO member. (2) It entails a vicious circle provoked by these populist policies manifest in a cycle of populist policies/crisis/military intervention/austerity measures. However, with the end of the Cold War period & the beginning of the globalization era, it became harder for Turkish governments to obtain long-term foreign debt in terms of multilateral agreements to carry out their populist policies. As a result, these resources were replaced by short-term, high-cost capital inflows. These inflows paradoxically facilitated the implementation of populist policies &, at the same time, worsened already severe consequences. As a result, sociopolitical tensions created by these severe conditions triggered the rise of radical movements such as political Islam & ultranationalism. Adapted from the source document.