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The present article is devoted to the category, rather new to the civil legislation, "public legal entities" for the first time enshrined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation four years ago in 2014. The article consides contents filling of the studied category, analyzes the components of the term "public legal entities" and circumstances which have caused the need of its creation and legal fixing for the civil legislation making, carries out classification of public legal entities depending on standardly fixed system of powers of authority of public legal entities. The author gives an assessment to a ratio of terms "state", "municipal" and "public" in the structure of the term public legal entities and also terms "legal entities" and public legal entities. The author states a position that the plurality of the state entities enshrined in the civil legislation — territorial subjects of the Russian Federation and specific variety of municipal units, are of no legal value in civil legal relationship as the competence of separate kinds of municipal entities on to the solution of questions of local and other value which implementation requires the introduction in the civil relations is identical. Beyond the scope of work there were bases of participation of public legal entities in the civil relations regulated by the civil legislation which is caused, first of all, by an object of research. ; Работа посвящена относительно новой для гражданского законодательства категории «публичноправовые образования», впервые закрепленной в ГК РФ в 2014 г. Рассматривается содержательное наполнение исследуемой категории; анализируются составляющие термина «публично-правовые образования» и обстоятельства, обусловившие необходимость его создания и легального закрепления в гражданском законодательстве; осуществляется классификация публично-правовых образований в зависимости от нормативно закрепленной системы властных полномочий публично-правовых образований. Дана оценка соотношению терминов «государственные», «муниципальные» и «публичные» в составе наименовании термина «публично-правовые образования», а также терминов «правовое образование» и «публично-правовое образование». Высказывается позиция, что закрепленная в гражданском законодательстве множественность государственных образований — субъектов РФ и видовое многообразие муниципальных образований не имеет юридического значения в гражданских правоотношениях, поскольку компетенция отдельных видов муниципальных образований по решению вопросов местного и иного значения, для осуществления которых необходимо вступление в гражданско-правовые отношения, одинакова. За рамками работы остались регулируемые гражданским законодательством основы участия публично-правовых образований в гражданских отношениях, что обусловлено прежде всего предметом исследования.

International integration today includes not only a political but also a legal aspect. With the help of various supranational tools, such as international commercial arbitration, international treaties and agreements, various organizations, including those formed on the basis of such agreements, global trends of law are formed. The convergence of legal systems is the key to the harmonious development of civil (private) relations. Defamation law is no exception. In order to better protect private life and freedom of speech, it is necessary to study carefully both the law prevailing in certain foreign countries and the practice of supranational structures. The European Court of Human Rights holds a special place among such structures. In its decisions, it introduced the most advanced legal constructions of protection against defamation, which are seen in American and German law. These structures are referred to as standards or principles of law enforcement developed by the European Court of Human Rights. The standards of the European Court of Human Rights are applied in all countries that are parties to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms dated 04.11.1950. To fully protect the rights of its citizens the Russian Federation should also not stand aside from the European Court of Human Rights positions. ; Международная интеграция включает в себя сегодня не только политический, но и правовой аспект. С помощью различных наднациональных инструментов, таких как международные коммерческие арбитражи, международные договоры и соглашения, различного рода организации, в том числе образованные на основании таких договоров, формируются мировые тенденции права. Сближение правовых систем является ключом к гармоничному развитию гражданских (частных) отношений. Диффамационное право не исключение. Для более эффективной защиты частной жизни и свободы слова необходимо тщательное изучение как права, сложившегося в отдельных зарубежных странах, так и практики наднациональных структур. Особое место среди таких структур занимает Европейский суд по правам человека. В свои решениях он внедрил самые современные юридические конструкции защиты от диффамации, которые сформировались в американском и немецком праве. Указанные конструкции именуются стандартами, или принципами правоприменения, разработанными Европейским судом по правам человека. Стандарты Европейского суда по правам человека применяются во всех странах, являющихся участниками Конвенция о защите прав человека и основных свобод от 04 ноября 1950 г. Российская Федерация для полноценной защиты прав своих граждан также не должна оставаться в стороне от сформированных Европейским судом по правам человека позиций.

The Brexit negotiations, by far one of the most challenging issues the European Union faced in 2017, proved to be yet another opportunity for EU institutions – the European Parliament, the European Commission and the Council – to engage in sort of a power game. Although all three institutions actively took part in it, the European Parliament's involvement was the most visible and vocal. As it going to be demonstrated, the EP tried to use the Treaty's Article 50 proceedings to reassert its position within the EU's institutional framework. It attempted to achieve this goal through purposeful communication, hence fitting the constructivist model of political and institutional agents' interaction. The European Parliament's activity may also be analysed in the context of historical institutionalism, explaining Parliament's specific behaviour: its continuous quest for more power. As the Brexit negotiations have not yet concluded by the time of writing, the author calls for further research on the topic of intra-institutional dynamics. Evidence gathered so far strongly suggest that the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union might permanently influence the relations of power between the major EU institutions. ; Negocjacje tzw. Brexitu, czyli wyjścia Wielkiej Brytanii z Unii Europejskiej były nie tylko jednym z największych wyzwań stojących przed Unią Europejską w 2017 roku. Dla unijnych instytucji – Rady, Komisji Europejskiej i Parlamentu Europejskiego – okazały się też być kolejną odsłoną gry o pozycję w porządku instytucjonalnym Unii Europejskiej. Wszystkie trzy instytucje aktywnie w tej grze uczestniczyły, jednak to zaangażowanie Parlamentu Europejskiego było najbardziej zauważalne. Niniejszy artykuł analizuje starania PE by wykorzystać uruchomienie procedury z art. 50 Traktatu Unii Europejskiej do wzmocnienia swojej pozycji politycznej, poprzez celowo sformułowaną komunikację. Autor chce wykazać, że działania Parlamentu wpisały się tym samym w model konstruktywistyczny. Aktywność Parlamentu Europejskiego jest poddana analizie także w świetle teorii instytucjonalizmu historycznego, pozwalającej wyjaśnić motywy specyficznego zachowania PE: regularnie powtarzanych prób zwiększenia władzy. Jako że w chwili pisania niniejszego artykułu proces negocjacji "Brexitu" nie był jeszcze zakończony, autor sugeruje konieczność przeprowadzenia dalszych badań dynamiki międzyinstytucjonalnej. Zebrane do tej pory dowody zdecydowanie sugerują, że proces wychodzenia Wielkiej Brytanii z Unii Europejskiej może trwale wpłynąć na relację sił między głównymi instytucjami UE.

French-American relations certainly are among the most complex and at the same time most controversial in French foreign policy. The main factors that determine the nature of relations between France and the US include culture. A few features can be pointed out here to demonstrate their unique nature. Firstly, the importance of anti-American sentiments and Francophobia (anti-French sentiments) should be emphasized. The roots of these broadly shared attitudes may be sought both in the past (the experiences ofWWIand WWII) as well as in the present political relations between the two countries. The French nation is generally critical of American foreign policy, the US social and economic system. In the USA, in turn, we come across a similar attitude of Francophobia. This mainly stems from the commonly shared image of France as a difficult, chaotic and unpredictable ally. While anti-American sentiments and Francophobia do not translate into political decisions made either in Washington or Paris, they still influence the atmosphere of mutual relations, as became apparent when American restaurant owners boycotted French wines during the Iraqi crisis. At the same time, though, both nations recognize each other's achievements in such fields as culture, art or human rights. Secondly, the "conflict of universalism" described by Stanley Hoffman is worth noting. As both countries deem themselves to be the cradle of such universal values as liberty, equality, justice and human rights, they both assign themselves with a unique status among other countries. It is true that the repertoire of values France and the US represent is nearly identical, yet they are frequently understood differently on both sides of the Atlantic. Thirdly, the French-American relations are also profoundly influenced by the common French belief in France being an exceptional and powerful country. The national perspective and the manifestation of France's privileged position in the international arena are to a significant degree present in their relations with the US. Ezra Suleiman, among others, observed that the French political elite were allergic to any forms of political, economic or cultural domination. Other issues that influence the state of French-American relations concern differences in the economic or social system, or the role of religion in the life of the state.

Abstract. Assets Local Government has various characteristics and is in a geographical position scattered, so spatial approach in asset management becomes very important. Certain types of assets are sensitive to space variables, ie land and building assets. Both types of these assets have a very significant value compared to other assets, and contain enormous economic potential. The problems that arise with so many local governments located in the province of South Sumatra is planning the utilization of assets that have not been optimal because the assets owned by the government of South Sumatra Province are numerous and spread geographically in several districts and municipalities. The solution of the problems raised is by utilizing GIS (Geographic Information System) for mapping the assets of the region. Maps will be built using ArcGis 10 and will be implemented in online webgis. The method in this research using descriptive method and Spiral Model as system development method. Spiral Model is a combination of the idea of repetitive development (prototyping) with a systematic, controlled system model waterfall (waterfall). Spiral models also explicitly include risk management in software development.Keywords: Government Assets, GIS (Geographic Information System), Spiral ModelAbstrak. Aset Pemerintah Daerah memiliki beragam karakteristik serta berada dalam posisi geografis yang tersebar, sehingga pendekatan keruangan (spatial) dalam pengelolaan aset menjadi sangat penting. Beberapa jenis aset tertentu bersifat sensitif terhadap variabel ruang, yaitu aset tanah (land) dan bangunan. Kedua jenis aset ini memiliki nilai yang sangat signifikan dibandingkan aset-aset lainnya, serta mengandung potensi ekonomis yang sangat besar. Adapun permasalahan yang timbul dengan begitu banyak pemerintah daerah yang berada diwilayah Provinsi Sumatera Selatan adalah perencanaan pemanfaatan aset yang belum optimal karena aset yang dimiliki pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Selatan jumlahnya banyak dan tersebar secara geografis di beberapa wilayah Kabupaten dan Kota. Adapun solusi dari permasalahan yang dimunculkan yaitu dengan memanfaatkan GIS (Geographic Information System) untuk pemetaan aset daerah. Peta akan dibangun menggunakan ArcGis 10 dan akan di implementasikan dalam webgis online. Metode pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif serta Spiral Model sebagai metode pengembangan sistem. Spiral Model merupakan penggabungan ide pengembangan berulang (prototyping) dengan, aspek sistematis terkendali model air terjun (waterfall). Model spiral juga secara eksplisit meliputi manajemen resiko dalam pengembangan perangkat lunak.Kata Kunci: Aset Pemerintah, GIS (Geographic Information System), Spiral Model

The purpose of the article is to demonstrate an influence of Jewish salons of Berlin on the intellectual life of Prussia at the turn of the XVIII–XIX centuries. As a form of communication, salon is characterized with an active participation of women in «traditionally» men's discussions on politics, philosophy and literature. Woman, as a rule, an aristocrat, selected a public at her discretion and moderated a conversation. A blossom of salon culture in Prussia took place at the second quarter of the XVIII century. Influence of Jewish salons on intellectual life of the kingdom is consided to be a one of the topics-in-question for researchers in this field. Deborah Hertz, Petra Wilhelmy-Dollinger and Renata Fuchs are inclined to represent Jewish salons as a phenomenon of a great significance for both Prussian Jews' life and cultural climat of German- speaking space. Hannah Lund and Barbara Hahn assess Jewish salons as one of integrative channels at the turn of the XVIII–XIX centuries. The sourse base of this article is presented with a wide correspondense and memoires by actors of salon communication in Berlin, as well as with satirical writings. In this article, the most famous Jewish salons' hostesses — Henriette Herz and Rahel Levin — are presented. High social position of Jewish women's families, as well as their accomplishment and originality incited a great interest to them. Eminent German cultural activists were among the guests of Jewish salons. Intensive communication with Jewish women affected creativity of German authors. So, it is traced in the present article, how a friendship of Henriette Herz with Friedrich Schleiermacher influenced on his formation as a founder of the original religious concept. Also, a role of Dorothea Mendelsohn in Friedrich Schlegel's life and creativity is highlighted. A special attention is paid to the Jewish women's literary activity as an important component of cultural integration. On a Dorothea Mendelsohn's example, author makes an attempt to demonstrate that affiliation to salon circles gave Jewish women a possibility to start their literary activity. Author of the present article traces a reaction of Prussian conservative literary circles to a popularity of Jewish salons. On examples of Friedrich Nicolai and August Bernhardi is demonstrated, how a fear of feminization and Jewish integration are reflected in Prussian satire at the end of the XVIII century.

Dieser Beitrag untersucht für Deutschland die Wachstums- und Beschäftigungseffekte einer Elektrifizierung des Antriebsstrangs bei Personenkraftwagen (Pkw). Unter Zuhilfenahme der Szenarientechnik wurde eine Reihe von Annahmen getroffen und diese in das Analyseinstrument QINFORGE integriert. Die Ergebnisse weisen, im Vergleich zum Basisszenario, zwar zunächst einen positiven Wachstums- und Beschäftigungseffekt aus, langfristig wird aber mit einem niedrigeren Bruttoinlandsprodukts- und Beschäftigungsniveau gerechnet werden müssen. Während anfangs insbesondere die notwendigen zusätzlichen Investitionen der Autobranche, die Bauinvestitionen in die Ladeinfrastruktur und die Neuausrüstung des Stromnetzes für positive Effekte sorgen, dominiert langfristig steigende Importbedarf an Elektroautos und Traktionsbatterien. Die Kosteneffekte wirken sich zwar mit Ausnahme der Weiterbildungskosten gesamtwirtschaftlich ebenfalls negativ aus, sind aber bei weitem nicht so dominierend. Auch federt der positive Effekt aus der Änderung des Kraftstoffbedarfes - Strom statt Mineralöl - die negativen Impulse ab. Die produktivitätsbedingten Wachstums- und Beschäftigungsimpulse, die auch erst in langer Frist zum Tragen kommen, federn zwar einerseits ebenfalls den größtenteils importinduzierten Rückgang der Wirtschaftsdynamik ab, tragen andererseits aber zu dem relativ starken gesamtwirtschaftlichen Arbeitsplatzverlust bei. Insgesamt sind die technologiegetriebenen Arbeitsplatzverluste als relativ stark zu bewerten. Im Jahr 2035 werden knapp 114.000 Plätze aufgrund der Umstellung auf den Elektroantrieb bei Pkws verloren gegangen sein. Die Gesamtwirtschaft wird bis 2035 einen Verlust in Höhe von 20 Mrd. EUR realisieren. Dies entspricht ca. 0,6 Prozent des preisbereinigten Bruttoinlandsproduktes. ; This study focuses on the economic effects of the phenomenon of electrification of the powertrain in automobiles (e-mobility). This development involves considerable challenges at enterprises and the political level. Using the scenario technique, a number of assumptions were made and integrated into the analytical tool QINFORGE. In the beginning of the scenario, the underlying assumptions have a positive effect on the economic development. However, at the long run they lead to a lower GDP and level of employment. The change in technology leads to 114.000 job cuts in the end of 2035. The whole economy loses nearly 20 billion Euro (0.6% of the GDP). In the scenario we assume a share of only 23 percent of electric compared to all cars in 2035. The total turnover of the workforce resulting from the electrification of the powertrain of automobiles will reach 150.000 in the year 2035. The electrification of the power-train will especially affect skilled workers negatively. The demand for specialist and expert activities also decreases with a time delay. In the long run there are negative effects for all requirement levels. A much higher market penetration could lead to stronger economic effects. Furthermore, a higher market share of domestic produced cars and traction batteries could generate more positive economic effects. At the moment this scenario includes a lot of assumptions where further research is necessary. This applies in particular to the position of the supplier industry, the distinction between different types of fuel and the expansion of other mobility sectors.

Regional financial accounting system is a set of procedures ranging from data collection, recording, summarizing, financial position report and Regional Government financial operations.The purpose of this study is to know and analyze the suitability of the regional financial accounting system implementation in terms of recognition, measurement also expenditures and burden records at BPMPD Prov. Kaltim in 2016. The problems outline formulated as follows, how the recognition, measurement and expenditures and burden records done at BPMPD Prov. Kaltim based on Local Regulation Number 13 of 2008 about Principles of Regional Finance Management.Basic Theory in this study is public sector accounting that focuses on recognition, measurement also expenditures and burden records. The hypothesis in this study is the recognition of expenditures and burden records at BPMPD of East Kalimantan province is not in accordance with East Kalimantan Local Regulation Number 13 of 2008, the measurement expenditures and burden records at BPMPD of East Kalimantan province is not in accordance with East Kalimantan Local Regulation Number 13 of 2008 and the records of expenditures and burden at BPMPD of East Kalimantan province is not in accordance with East Kalimantan Local Regulation Number 13 of 2008.The analytical tool used in this study is a comparison analysis that compares the recognition, measurement and expenditures and burden records at BPMPD Prov. Kaltim with Local Regulation Number 13 of 2008.The Results of analysis and discussion show that BPMPD Prov. Kaltim has carried out the recognition, measurement and recording of expenditures and burden based on guidance of Local Regulation Number 13 of 2008, but in burden journal record and expenditure, BPMPD Prov. Kaltim has not implemented in accordance with Local Regulation Number 13 of 2008, due to the absence of journalization using the down payment account, the return of the remaining money and burden, using only the expenditure account. Based on the analysis result, the recognition of expenditure and burden at BPMPD Prov. Kaltim is in accordance with Local Regulation Number 13 of 2008, then the hypothesis is rejected. The measurement of expenditure and burden at BPMPD Prov. Kaltim is in accordance with Local Regulation Number 13 of 2008, then the hypothesis is rejected. Recording The expenditures and burden records at BPMPD Prov. Kaltim is not in accordance with Local Regulation Number 13 of 2008, then the hypothesis is accepted.

Louis II of Bourbon, known as the Grand Condé, remains one of the great noblemen and military commanders in the history of France. His years of alliance with Spain, however, extending from his participation in the Fronde and his exile in the Habsburg Netherlands (1651-1659), have received little attention from scholars. This paper looks at how he was represented and understood in the heart of the Spanish Monarchy, in the kingdom of Castile and, above all, in the Madrid court, the centre of power. It analyses the vision of him in the court, where don Luis de Haro was the leading statesman; it also looks at the important role played by Condé's agents in shaping his image in Madrid; lastly, it examines how he was projected into the incipient public opinion through the relaciones de sucesos. In Castile the hero of Rocroi was cast as a heroic figure, similar in nature to the position he enjoys in much French historiography dealing with his years of exile. His status and popularity helps to explain the help that he received from Philip IV until the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659). ; Luis II de Borbón, conocido como el Grand Condé, es uno de los principales nobles y jefes de armas de la Historia de Francia. Sin embargo, sus años de alianza con España, que abarcan su intervención en la Fronda y su exilio en Flandes (1651-1659), no han gozado de suficiente atención por parte de los investigadores. Interesa ahora la representación construida en torno a su figura, en el corazón de la Monarquía Hispánica: el reino de Castilla y, particularmente, la corte madrileña, es decir, en el centro del poder. Aquí se analizan la visión que sobre él se tenía en el círculo cortesano, con don Luis de Haro a la cabeza; el importante papel jugado, en su conformación, por los agentes del Príncipe enviados a Madrid; y, por último, su transmisión a la incipiente opinión pública mediante los impresos de relaciones de sucesos. El héroe de Rocroi acabó revestido de una imagen gloriosa, similar a la que todavía le otorga buena parte de la historiografía francesa cuando trata sus años de exilio. Algo nada baladí, pues contribuye a explicar el apoyo que disfrutó de Felipe IV, hasta la firma de la Paz de los Pirineos.

With the constitutional reform in Mexico, we encountering a strong controversy regarding the scope of the responsibility of the judge in the field of human rights. Has spoken of a new system of fuzzy control of constitutionality, but the Supreme Court of Justice of the nation, has not endorsed opinion, who has determined that such monitoring is in exclusive faculty. The ordinary judge it is consequently resort to measure what are their responsibilities and scope in the safeguarding of human rights, especially when we talk about genetic tests; that are already of a high degree of complexity in its offering, admission and relief of his. This paper analyzes from a theoretical perspective, the doctrinal and jurisprudential positions. In this regard, effected an extensive literature review about scholar's opinions, hemerographic, jurisprudential and legislative underpinning the conclusions. Those conclusions allow us to determine that in Mexico, there are no parameters properly regulated for the realization of the concerned evidence under the scheme of an adequate safeguard of the accused rights and that in any case our legislation seems to prefer that the doctrine has called enemy criminal law ; A raíz de la reforma constitucional en México, se ha gestado una fuerte polémica en cuanto a los alcances de la responsabilidad del juzgador en materia de derechos humanos, se ha hablado de un nuevo sistema de control difuso de la constitucionalidad, opinión que no ha sido avalada por la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación, quien ha determinado que dicho control le corresponde en facultad exclusiva. Resulta, por consecuencia, complejo para el juzgador ordinario medir cuáles son sus responsabilidades y alcances en la salvaguarda de los derechos humanos, en especial cuando se habla de pruebas genéticas que revisten ya de suyo un alto grado de complejidad en su ofrecimiento, admisión y desahogo. En la presente investigación se analiza desde una perspectiva teórica, las posturas doctrinales y jurisprudenciales al respecto, realizándose una amplia revisión bibliográfica, hemerográfica, jurisprudencial y de orden legislativo que sustentan las conclusiones, que nos permiten determinar que en México no existen parámetros debidamente regulados para la realización de las referidas probanzas bajo el esquema de una adecuada salvaguarda de los derechos humanos del imputado y que, en todo caso nuestra legislación parece inclinarse por lo que la doctrina ha denominado derecho penal del enemigo

Background: Health policy in Australia positions Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Workers (AHWs) as central to improving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' health, with high expectations of their contribution to closing the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous health outcomes. Understanding how AHWs' governance and accountability relationships influence their ability to address such health inequities has policy, programme and ethical significance. We sought to map the evidence of AHWs' experiences of accountability in the Australian health system. Methods: We followed an adapted qualitative systematic review process to map evidence on accountability relations in the published literature. We sought empirical studies or first-person accounts describing AHWs' experiences of working in government or Aboriginal community-controlled services anywhere in Australia. Findings were organised according to van Belle and Mayhew's four dimensions of accountability – social, political, provider and organisational. Results: Of 27 included studies, none had a primary focus on AHW governance or AHWs' accountability relationships. Nonetheless, selected articles provided some insight into AHWs' experiences of accountability across van Belle and Mayhew's four dimensions. In the social dimension, AHWs' sense of connection and belonging to community was reflected in the importance placed on AHWs' cultural brokerage and advocacy functions. But social and cultural obligations overlapped and sometimes clashed with organisational and provider-related accountabilities. AHWs described having to straddle cultural obligations (e.g. related to gender, age and kinship) alongside the expectations of non-Indigenous colleagues and supervisors which were underpinned by 'Western' models of clinical governance and management. Lack of role-clarity stemming from weakly constituted (state-based) career structures was linked to a system-wide misunderstanding of AHWs' roles and responsibilities – particularly the cultural components – acting as a barrier to AHWs working to their full capacity for the benefit of patients, broader society and their own professional satisfaction. Conclusions: In literature spanning different geographies, service domains and several decades, this review found evidence of complexity in AHWs' accountability relationships that both affects individual and team performance. However, theoretically informed and systematic investigation of accountability relationships and related issues, including the power dynamics that underpin AHW governance and performance in often diverse settings, remains limited and more work in this area is required.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja Reksa Dana Saham di Indonesia dihubungkan dengan program pemerintah serta implementasinya di lapangan. Pengukuran penelitian menggunakan metode Sharpe, metode ini dapat menjelaskan dan memberikan gambaran tentang baik buruknya keadaan atas posisi suatu Reksa Dana dari suatu periode ke periode berikutnya. Dua hal yang dapat menentukan kinerja Reksa Dana Saham dan dapat digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu Nilai Aktiva Bersih (NAB) dan BI-rate. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder berupa laporan Reksa Dana dan laporan perekonomian di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa peningkatan Layanan Keuangan (Laku) Mikro memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap peningkatan kinerja Reksa Dana Saham. Laku Mikro merupakan salah satu dari implementasi pilar Tiga Strategi nasional Literasi Keuangan Indonesia yakni pengembangan produk dan jasa keuangan. Salah satu cara mengembangkan produknya adalah dengan menawarkan nilai awal investasi di Reksa Dana, dalam penelitian ini adalah Reksa Dana Saham, dengan harga terjangkau. Kata kunci: Layanan Keuangan Mikro, Sharpe, Reksa Dana Saham Abstract:This study aims to analyze one of the factors that influence the performance of Equity Funds in Indonesia related to government programs and their implementation in the field. Measurement of research using the Sharpe method, this method can explain and provide an overview of the good or bad condition of the position of an Investment Fund from one period to the next. Two things that can determain the performance of Mutual Funds and can use in research are Net Asset Value (NAV) and BI-rate. This research uses a descriptive quantitative method using secondary data in the form of Mutual Funds reports and economic reports in Indonesia. The results of this study found that the increase in Micro Financial Services has a positive and significant influence on improving the performance of stock funds. Laku Mikro is one of the the three pillars implementations of the Indonesian Nasional Financial Literacy strategy, namely the development of financial products and services. One way to develop its products is to offer an initial investment value in an Mutual Fund, in this study is a Equity Fund, at an affordable price. Keywords: Micro Financial, Sharpe, Equity Fund

Исследуется проблема определения момента начала жизни человека и включения механизма для ее охраны мерами уголовно-правового воздействия. Анализируются нормы законодательства о здравоохранении, определяющие момент начала жизни человека. Рассматриваются проблемные вопросы квалификации искусственного прерывания беременности. Как и у всего на этом свете, у жизни есть ее начало и есть ее конец. Специалисты многих научных воззрений и особенно специалисты уголовно-правовой сферы много творческих сил и времени отдают научной полемике о начале начала жизни человека и об установлении факта, свидетельствующего о наступлении его смерти. Обусловлено это тем, что действующий Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации содержит уголовную ответственность за преступления, посягающие на жизнь другого человека. Поддержана позиция о том, что изгнание плода из чрева матери есть убийство плода. И потому уголовный закон de facto и de jure должен охранять жизнь плода с момента его зачатия и до его смерти. Констатирован факт, что между de facto и de jure нет согласия.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-13 ; This article examines the problem of determining the moment of the beginning of human life and the inclusion of a mechanism for its protection by measures of criminal law. The article analyzes the norms of the legislation on health care, which determine the moment of the beginning of a person's life. Consideration is given to the problem questions of qualification of artificial termination of pregnancy. Like everything in this world, life has its beginning and its end. Specialists of many scientific views and especially specialists of the criminal law sphere give a lot of creative effort and time to the scientific debate about the beginning of human life and about the establishment of the fact, indicating the occurrence of his death. This is due to the fact that the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter - the criminal code) contains criminal liability for crimes that infringe on the life of another person. Support is given to the position that the expulsion of the fetus from the womb of the mother is the murder of the fetus. Therefore, the criminal law de facto and de jure must protect the life of the fetus from the moment of its conception until its death. It is stated that there is no agreement between de facto and de jure. DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-13

Introducción. El gobierno propuso posicionar a Colombia como un destino turístico de salud y bienestar, siendo uno de los objetivos aumentar los niveles de competencia del inglés en los profesionales de la salud. Esto se relaciona con la meta, para 2014, del Ministerio de Educación Nacional (MEN) de que 20% de los graduados deberían clasificar en nivel intermedio o superior en inglés.Objetivos. Analizar el cumplimiento de la meta establecida por el MEN para los graduandos de los programas de medicina.Materiales y métodos. Aproximación descriptiva y estadística (pruebas de proporciones paramétricas y no paramétricas) que empleó datos de la prueba Saber Pro (2011-2015) para los programas de medicina de las instituciones de educación superior de carácter académico universitario.Resultados. El porcentaje global de estudiantes que cumplió la meta (28.6%) fue satisfactorio; sin embargo, solo 18 de 43 (37.2%) programas de medicina la cumplieron.Conclusiones. El nivel de inglés de los potenciales graduados de los programas de medicina está alineado con la meta del gobierno. No obstante, hay mucho por mejorar si se tiene en cuenta que cerca del 70% de los futuros graduados de los programas de medicina no alcanza un nivel intermedio o superior en esta competencia. ; Introduction: The government intends to position Colombia as a health and welfare tourism destination. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to increase the levels of English proficiency in health professionals, which is in line with the goal set by the Colombian Ministry of National Education for 2014: 20% of medical graduates should score at intermediate or advanced English proficiency levels.Objectives: To determine if the bilingualism goal set for 2014 was achieved by students of undergraduate medical programs in Colombia.Materials and methods: Descriptive and statistical approach (parametric and nonparametric tests) based on data from the Saber Pro test (2011-2015) for medical programs offered in universities of academic nature.Results: The overall percentage of students who met the goal countrywide (28.6%) was satisfactory; however, only 16 medical programs out of 43 (37.2%) achieved the goal.Conclusions: In general, the English proficiency level of potential medical graduates is aligned with the government's goal. However, there is much to be improved considering that about 70% of future medical graduates do not have an intermediate or advanced level in this skill.

The article describes the advances and setbacks of Colombia in its external relationship with the Greater Caribbean during the 20th and 21st centuries, evidencing the weak projection of the border areas as natural scenarios for the development of regional integration. It analyzes the role that the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina has played in the construction of transboundary links in the scenario of the Western Caribbean, beyond the sovereign positions of the State, and explores the political and sociological potentialities that from a possible area of integration, could contribute to the resolution of border conflicts and overcome the institutional gaps that prevent a better positioning of the country and the archipelago in the Greater Caribbean. ; El artículo describe los avances y retrocesos que Colombia ha tenido en su relacionamiento exterior con el Gran Caribe durante los siglos xx y xxi, evidenciando la débil proyección de las zonas fronterizas como escenarios naturales para el desarrollo de la integración regional. Se analiza el papel que el Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina ha jugado en la construcción de vínculos transfronterizos en el escenario del Caribe occidental más allá de las posturas soberanistas del Estado nación, y se exploran las potencialidades tanto políticas como socioculturales que desde una posible región de integración transfronteriza podrían contribuir a la resolución de los conflictos limítrofes y a la superación de los vacíos institucionales que impiden un mejor posicionamiento del país y del archipiélago en el Gran Caribe. ; O artigo descreve os avanços e retrocessos que a Colômbia teve em sua relação externa com o Grande Caribe durante os séculos xx e xxi, evidenciando a fraca projeção das áreas de fronteira como cenários naturais para o desenvolvimento da integração regional. Analisa-se o papel desempenhado pelo Arquipélago de San Andrés, Providencia e Santa Catalina na construção de nexos transfronteiriços no cenário do Caribe Ocidental além das posições soberanas do Estado-nação, e exploram-se as potencialidades políticas e socioculturais de uma possível região de integração transfronteiriça para contribuir à resolução dos conflitos fronteiriços e superar os vazios institucionais que impedem um melhor posicionamento do país e do arquipélago no Grande Caribe.