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Issues related to "post-national democracy" are most clearly delineated in the context of a politically & economically integrating Europe. Post-national democracy in Europe should be conceptualized as an ongoing evolutionary process of democratization, with institutional arrangements being the contested focal point of that process. The absence of a demos will not stop the demands for greater citizen involvement in the governance of the European Union, an involvement which would increase the EU's legitimacy. The EU's lack of a common political community, however, will prevent it from developing a traditional government. The EU therefore will be characterized by governance without the kind of government found in national democracies. Nonetheless, an original executive institution will be constructed. The executive of the future will carry out many (but not all) of the key functions of an executive without, however, benefiting from the kind of legitimacy that national government executives enjoy. In institutional terms, the character of the executive will render European post-national democracy distinctive, & the electoral link between the citizenry & that executive will be the most contested issue as democratization proceeds. Institutional originality & innovation are likely, therefore, to continue to characterize the process of European integration. 106 References. Adapted from the source document.

Lo sciamanismo, inteso come struttura socio-psichica e come espressione di una Weltanschauung "anti-moderna" (e di un approccio olistico che nega la nozione di individualità assoluta), ha catturato l'attenzione di generazioni di antropologi e storici delle religioni -ma anche di medici e psicologi- affascinati da questa forma "esotica e bizzarra" di gestire le relazioni con il mondo ultraterreno attraverso la performance di un agente, lo sciamano, dotato di poteri congeniti (e stimolati, generalmente, grazie all'uso di sostanze capaci di alterare lo stato di coscienza, gli enteogeni). Lo sciamanismo urbano, come fenomeno sociale emergente, si manifesta come una creazione ibrida che unisce forme e contenuti della pratica sciamanica "tradizionale" con le esigenze -assolutamente post-moderne- di seguaci (o clienti) in cerca di equilibrio psichico e sociale. Il presente saggio intende descrivere un esperienza etnografica realizzata in Colombia ed in un contesto urbano, con uno sciamano di origine italiana.

One of the directions in order to study the changes that affected the university in postcomunist Romania is to analyze the relationship between politics and university. This analysis is situated on three levels: the university, the political elites and university and the university and the state. Our study aims to offer a profile of the members of the Romanian Parliament during the period 1990-2008 in terms of academic career. Following the Bourdieu's criteria on academic relevance our conclusion is that the presence of important members of the academic space in the Romanian Parliament explains on one hand the backwardness of the higher education system and on the other hand, the creation of the private universities after 1990.