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Every state may face a bid for protection in embassies or consulates from persons looking for a shelter in dangerous situations to their lives and safety. Even though diplomatic asylum is more peculiar to Latin America region, no State is prevented from such seekers. Practical examples show that diplomatic asylum helped to safe thousands of people in countries where instability of governments exist, during wars or in situations where no other alternative of protection was available. Grant of diplomatic asylum is a problematic issue because it raises question which value should prevail: inviolability of premises or non interference into internal affairs, protection of human rights or sovereignty of State. This master thesis attempts to find out what is the current position of diplomatic asylum in the context of public international law and on what grounds it could be granted in embassies and consulates. For this aim, the thesis is focused on the evolution and main features of diplomatic asylum, on its relation with regional and universal international law instruments, on dominating positions to diplomatic asylum in the case law. International treaties, state practice and various positions of legal writers were analyzed in order to reveal grounds for granting diplomatic asylum. In the States where diplomatic asylum is recognized, it is granted according to the existing legal regulation. In the States where diplomatic asylum is not considered as legal institute, it is granted on humanitarian considerations in order to protect people. The thesis concludes that different attitudes to diplomatic asylum exist regarding international law. For a group of State it is an institute of regional international law while other states tolerate it purely on humanitarian considerations. Despite different approaches of diplomatic asylum in the international law, it can be a means to protect life or safety of a person.

Every state may face a bid for protection in embassies or consulates from persons looking for a shelter in dangerous situations to their lives and safety. Even though diplomatic asylum is more peculiar to Latin America region, no State is prevented from such seekers. Practical examples show that diplomatic asylum helped to safe thousands of people in countries where instability of governments exist, during wars or in situations where no other alternative of protection was available. Grant of diplomatic asylum is a problematic issue because it raises question which value should prevail: inviolability of premises or non interference into internal affairs, protection of human rights or sovereignty of State. This master thesis attempts to find out what is the current position of diplomatic asylum in the context of public international law and on what grounds it could be granted in embassies and consulates. For this aim, the thesis is focused on the evolution and main features of diplomatic asylum, on its relation with regional and universal international law instruments, on dominating positions to diplomatic asylum in the case law. International treaties, state practice and various positions of legal writers were analyzed in order to reveal grounds for granting diplomatic asylum. In the States where diplomatic asylum is recognized, it is granted according to the existing legal regulation. In the States where diplomatic asylum is not considered as legal institute, it is granted on humanitarian considerations in order to protect people. The thesis concludes that different attitudes to diplomatic asylum exist regarding international law. For a group of State it is an institute of regional international law while other states tolerate it purely on humanitarian considerations. Despite different approaches of diplomatic asylum in the international law, it can be a means to protect life or safety of a person.

Co-operative Law has a long tradition in European countries, like the Industrial and Provident Act in the United Kingdom in1852 or the Prussian Co-operatives Act in 1867. The European Union was no born to create a common law but to remove restrictions on the freedom of establishment. In 2003 the Statute for a European Co-operative Society was approved, but harmonization of European co-operative legislation was never carried out, not even for its most importante distinctive elements. In 2012 the European Commission presented a report about the application of the SCE Statute showing that the SCE Regulation has had relatively little success. The differences between the different legal systems are considerable, both in forma and in content. European Commission expressed its intention not to carry out the harmonization of the European co-operative legislation directly, but to support the harmonization proposals that the co-operative sector presented to it. El derecho cooperativo tiene una larga tradición en los países europeos, desde la Industrial and Provident Act de 1952 en Reino Unido o la Ley prusiana de cooperativas de 1867. La Unión Europea no nació para crear un derecho común sino para surprimir las restricciones a la libertad de establecimiento. In 2003 se aprobó el Estatuto de la Sociedad Cooperativa Europea, pero nunca se ha llevado a cabo una armonización de la legislación cooperativa en Europa, ni siquiera en relación con sus elementos más característicos. En 2012, la Comisión Europea presentó un informe sobre la aplicación del Estatuto de la SCE que mostraba que esta regulación había tenido relativamente poco éxito. Las diferencias entre los diferentes sistemas legales son considerables, tanto formalmente como por su contenido. La Comisión Europea ya manifestó su intención de no llevar a cabo la armonización de la legislación cooperativa europea directamente, pero sí apoyar las propuestas de armonización presentadas por el sector cooperativo.

L'indagine è dedicata all'esame della disciplina delle società a partecipazione pubblica ed, in particolare, delle società c.d. "legali", muovendo in prima battuta dall'interrogativo relativo alla rilevanza, a fini "qualificatori", dell'interesse pubblico quale profilo ordinante dell'azionariato pubblico da un punto di vista "politico-economico" – e dunque quale dato di rilevanza meta-postiva – ovvero quale elemento di qualificazione della fattispecie, in senso proprio, delle società medesime. Le riflessioni che ne seguono si sviluppano, in primo luogo, tenendo conto del progressivo affievolimento, nel nostro ordinamento, della distinzione tra "pubblico" e "privato" quali "insiemi regole" il cui presupposto di applicazione è da ravvisare nella "qualità" e nella natura del soggetto agente nei rapporti di diritto privato. Previa analisi diacronica della traiettoria seguita dal legislatore in materia di società pubbliche e previa illustrazione del panorama normativo odierno delle società a statuto singolare, l'indagine si sofferma (i) dapprima, sulla esposizione, in chiave critica, dell'orientamento caratteristico della giurisprudenza e della dottrina amministrativa, nelle quali è invalsa – ai fini dell'individuazione della disciplina applicabile – la tendenza a riqualificare le società di che trattasi, con assimilazione di esse agli enti pubblici; e (ii) in un secondo momento, ferma la ritenuta non omologabilità delle richiamate tesi "riqualificatorie", si è ritenuto di poter individuare il proprium delle c.d. società legali, a fattispecie esclusiva, negli effetti determinati dalla costituzione legale, da intendere quale sottrazione alla disponibilità delle parti della libera attuazione del programma associativo, nella quale sottrazione è dato ravvisare - anche per effetto dell'interpretazione analogica dell'art. 2451 cod. civ. - l'interesse pubblico sotteso alla costituzione della società medesima. Interesse, questo, al quale deve conformarsi, in termini di coerenza e congruità, in concreto, l'attività sociale e, dunque, l'interpretazione della disciplina di diritto comune societario. ; This PhD thesis deals with the examination of rules regarding State-owned companies, especially the so-called "società legali", i.e. companies which specific statute is entirely (or in part) codified and regulated (for that company) by the Legislator or the Government. The starting point of the enquire is the question about the legal nature of these companies, since their qualification from a politic and economic point of view is important to understand if they have to follow or not special laws. In this framework, the identification of public interest for public shareholders is a decisive element. Reflections follow on the gradual fading of the distinction between "public law" and "private law" as rules whose application does depends on the "quality" and legal nature of the agent. After a diachronic analysis both of the historical evolution of State-owned companies which statute has been regulated by laws, and of legislative and regulatory framework of nowadays State-owned companies, the enquire focuses on jurisprudence and doctrine, underlining the difference between the thought of public and commercial law scholars. In particular, while public law scholars developed the tendency to re-qualify companies assimilating them to public authorities/public bodies, from the private law point of view there is the awareness that this assimilation is not approvable, since the core of the problem lies in the effects produced by the legal set of norms regulating the statute of the State-owned companies, to be understood as a subtraction to shareholders (both public and private ones) of free implementation of the company "programmed activity" as the result of the predominance of public interest, with which the company has to comply. ; Dottorato di ricerca in Diritto ed economia: interessi rilevanti e tutele (XXIV ciclo)

Cover -- Quartino -- Dedica -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 - International criminal trials after the 1994 genocide -- Chapter 2 - Domestic judicial responses to international crimes -- Chapter 3 - More on redress in and by Rwanda under international law -- Chapter 4 - Redress by other international actors for the 1994 genocide -- Conclusions -- Treaties and other instruments -- Table of cases -- Bibliography (selected) -- Finito di stampare -- Volumi pubblicati.

Hauptbeschreibung The contributions of this volume discuss concepts, notions, and transitions of nineteenth century international law. More specifically the questions focus on: On which premises was the juridical discipline constructed, what were the relations to other juridical, and non-juridical fields of knowledge? How did European nineteenth century international lawyers build a new legal science to be spread worldwide?

Cover -- Quartino -- Dedication -- Table of contents -- List of abbreviations -- Introduction -- Part I - Defining state secrecy -- Chapter 1 - State secrecy in domestic legal systems -- Chapter 2 - State secrecy in the international legal system -- Part II - State secrecy and the international protection of human rights -- Chapter 3 - State secrecy and treaty monitoring bodies'practice -- Chapter 4 - State secrecy beyond treaties: towards a customary norm prohibiting recourse to state secrecy to conceal gross human rights violations? -- Part III - Theoretical and practical issues arising from the horizoantal and vertical interaction among norms and legal orders -- Chapter 5 - From state to international organisation secrecy -- Chapter VI - To disclose or not to disclose state secrets? The dilemmas of interstate cooperation in the field of intelligence, diplomacy, and mutual legal assistence -- General conclusions -- Bibliography -- Printed by.

The thesis investigates the issue of the prohibition of incitement to hatred in International law. This issue is covered by a different international instruments, which have different approaches on its understanding. The case law created by the international judicial bodies which is empowered to examine complains on actions of States reflects this situation with an ambiguous and sometimes controversial decisions. Similar situation is observed in the academic field, there are different approaches on the understanding the public incitement to hatred. At the same time, current and future challenges, such as the world crisis, armed conflicts, globalization and migration create conditions in which there is a high possibility of the intolerant discriminative atmosphere in which one group may be incited towards another. The development of information technologies, such as social media and the Internet as such, provide fast and unlimited circulation of information, which also may include incitement to hatred. Due to that facts, it is crucial to create a unified approach on the public incitement to hatred, which covers relevant legislation, judicial practice and the findings of scholars and may be used by the national and international authorities to determine and eliminate different forms of public incitement to hatred.

The thesis investigates the issue of the prohibition of incitement to hatred in International law. This issue is covered by a different international instruments, which have different approaches on its understanding. The case law created by the international judicial bodies which is empowered to examine complains on actions of States reflects this situation with an ambiguous and sometimes controversial decisions. Similar situation is observed in the academic field, there are different approaches on the understanding the public incitement to hatred. At the same time, current and future challenges, such as the world crisis, armed conflicts, globalization and migration create conditions in which there is a high possibility of the intolerant discriminative atmosphere in which one group may be incited towards another. The development of information technologies, such as social media and the Internet as such, provide fast and unlimited circulation of information, which also may include incitement to hatred. Due to that facts, it is crucial to create a unified approach on the public incitement to hatred, which covers relevant legislation, judicial practice and the findings of scholars and may be used by the national and international authorities to determine and eliminate different forms of public incitement to hatred.