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Resource planning has undergone transitions over the years from a site to area to regional orientation and from a single function to integrated resource management orientation. Wildlife and recretation resource planning have been part of this evolution, which has been stimulated somewhat by recent land management planning-oriented legislation such as the National Forest Management Act and the Federal Land Policy and Management Act. During the last couple of years, a system for recreation planning within the context of integrated resource planning has emerged. It is called Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) planning and arose as an old idea was made operational through new knowledge from recreation behavior research and through the necessity for designing a system that was integrative with other resource planning systems (e.g., Driver and Brown 1978, Clark and Stankey 1979, Brown 1979, Stankey and Brown 1981). The idea for a recreation opportunity spectrum has been around for a long time. The notion (though not necessarily the label) occurs in the writings of Marshall (1937), J. V. K. Wagar (1951), Burch (1964), Lucas (1964), and J. A. Wagar (1966) among others. The behavioral research that has led to making the idea operational for planning is more recent. For example, in research leading to ROS concepts, Potter et al. (1973) have studied hunters, Driver and Knopf (1976) have studied fishermen, Schreyer and Nielsen (1978) have studied river runners, and Brown and Haas (1980) have studied wilderness backpackers. Based upon the ideas of these and several other authors, the ROS has been made operational for planning. It has been adopted by both the USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and thus is being applied on about 30 percent of the land area of the U.S. (Buist and Hoots 1982). What is this planning system, how does it work, and how is it related to other resource outputs such as timber and wildlife?

It is observed that the essential concerns in the econ's of outdoor recreation differ little from those of econ concerns generally. Econ'ts working in this area face the problem of the efficiency of allocation of resources between outdoor recreation facilities & programs on the one hand, & goods & services in general on the other. The pricing system fails to function as a resource-allocator in recreation services. However, the use of fees as a means of rationing scarce resources & as manag tools to redistribute the load among all facilities more appropriately is considered necessary. The question of 'distributive' justice is discussed, ie, the distribution of recreational opportunities among the various segments of the pop. It is in this area that the creative integration of the contributions of econ'ts, soc psychol'ts & sociol'ts is needed in order to introduce the concept of consumer preferences meaningfully into the planning of recreational facilities & programs. While the provision of recreational facilities may be viewed primarily as a local public responsibility, the serious question of local fiscal capability & of state & federal responsibility must be raised. A policy of incentives & restraints might be created which would present more efficient & equitable provisions for recreational services. There is great need for careful stock-taking. Modified HA.

SummaryOutdoor Recreation in SwedenThe author presents a report on outdoor recreation in Sweden. There is a demand for more and better outdoor recreation facilities within day‐use range of the urban population, and the demand is growing so rapidly that the final pattern cannot be discerned as yet.At present there are about 300,000 summer homes in Sweden, and according to forecasts this number will double in the next five years. They have multiplied in the metropolitan regions and along the coastline to such an extent that the supply of land for the purposes of nature conservation and recreation areas is seriously threatened.The report stresses the responsibilities of national and local government in making opportunities for outdoor recreation available to more and more people. A primary task will be to delimit the areas of land and water that will be needed in the long run.

Outdoor recreation economics is an area similar to numerous other study areas in the general field of eco nomics. Economists working in this area are concerned with the efficiency of the allocation of resources between outdoor recreation facilities and programs, on the one hand, and goods and services, generally, on the other—and, within the area of outdoor recreation, with the efficiency of the resultant mix of facilities and programs. Concomitantly, they become in volved with the question of "distributive justice," namely, the distribution of recreational opportunities among the vari ous segments of the population. In this paper, we distinguish roughly between resource-oriented outdoor recreation, on the one hand, and population- or market-oriented outdoor recrea tion on the other. In the former, we find a predominantly middle- or upper-middle-income clientele and an economic en vironment which favors application of the analytical, manage ment, and policy tools of "efficiency economics." In the latter, we find concentrations of the impoverished among ghetto residents, and the question of equitable distribution of recrea tional facilities and programs becomes equally as important as the efficiency with which they are provided.