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In: Ridder , J D 1990 , ' Toezicht in de ruimtelijke ordening. Een empirische studie naar de intergouvermentele betrekkingen tussen provincie en gemeente in het kader van het planologisch toezicht. ' , Doctor of Philosophy .
Intergovernmental supervision is an administrative process in which the central or regional government monitors the local policy process and intervenes to correct local decisions in appropriate circumstances, on the strength of a statutory authority to do so. The legal entitlement may take various forms, e.g. required approval of local policy decisions or the authority to issue binding directions. Although the kind of supervision one finds in Dutch intergovernmental relations is historically rooted in the French system of "tutelage", it never has come to be as ubiquitous an instrument of centralized power as in France. Almost all presentday provisions for supervision are related to specific types of local decisions, while the exercise of supervisory authority is subject to various legal constraints.
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In: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/306534
The research focuses on the relation between municipalities, provinces and the Crown in Dutch spatial planning law. Specifically, it concerns the power of the provinces and the Crown to issue general 'instructional rules' (instructieregels) concerning the content of municipal zoning plans and other planning decisions. This power, which can be found in Articles 4.1 and 4.3 of the Dutch Spatial Planning Act, is a new instrument in Dutch spatial planning and is of paramount importance for the possibility of municipalities to make autonomous decisions concerning the regulation of land-use. The research addresses the legal questions surrounding the use of this new instrument. Not only are the answers to these questions important to the actual practice of the use of the instrument, but also for the legislative bill proposing the new Environmental Law Act (Omgevingswet), currently pending in the House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer), in which instructional rules play an important part. Instructional rules serve to set a framework aimed at policy impact. When setting spatial planning standards, lower-level administrative bodies only have discretionary powers (beslissingsvrijheid) within the provincial and national limits determined for the substance of the decision-making process, inter alia by instructional rules. This framework is set in order to ensure that the spatial-planning decisions taken at lower government levels comply with the policy as pursued by the regulatory government with respect to this setting of standards. Instructional rules have two legal effects. The first and main legal effect is that they must be taken into account by lower-level government authorities in their decision-making processes regarding spatial planning. The second legal effect is that instructional rules, based on the second paragraph of Article 4.1 and of Article 4.3 of SPA, respectively, may create the obligation for the municipal council to adopt a new land-use plan within a specified period. The SPA stipulates that an ...
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In: Common Market Law Review, Volume 36, Issue 6, p. 1309-1323
ISSN: 0165-0750
In: Environmental pollution 102, Suppl. 1
In: Studies in environmental science, 35
These proceedings describe the current state-of-the-art of ozone research. A wide range of topics is discussed including: emissions, transport and transformation of precursors of ozone and of ozone itself, the distribution of ozone, the deposition of ozone at the earth's surface, and its effects on man and the environment. Attention is also given to the role of stratospheric ozone and the role of the ultraviolet radiation which is transmitted through the ozone layer. Finally it describes in detail present and future policy measures to reduce the ozone in the lower atmosphere and to protect the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Many of the papers describe recent developments and new research results. Research carried out in both in Europe and in the United States is described, as are the policy measures which are being taken by both European and U.S. governments.
Over the past decade Labo S has been operating in the margins of the (urban) landscape by studying real places which go largely unnoticed and examining concrete problems that are rarely debated in the spotlight of the media or academia. By starting from a certain empathy for the landscape, by immersing itself in it and getting to know it, Labo S has been able to feel the fragility and impotence of the landscape with respect to oversimplified spatial dynamics and processes. Taking the landscape viewpoint as a framework for urbanism, Labo S has formulated an answer to the almost impossible task of grasping, mastering and changing this reality. Apart from a post-rationalisation of this extensive process of research, this book also aims to transcend the boundaries of its own work, to offer a reflection on the role that landscape as image and as design instrument can play when exploring and understanding the contemporary urban condition
Presents information on how different countries within the chosen area have tried to solve the problem of establishing suitable systems of steering spatial development by means of planning and implementation measures. This book provides an overview of the systems in Western Europe, how they have influenced each other.