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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dargah-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 467 ha in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 762 mm, of which about 571 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 99 mm during north-east and the remaining 92 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of the microwatershed is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 2 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days varying from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface  All the soils of the microwatershed are non gravelly  An area of about 7 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 93 per cent very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 80 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 20 per cent of the area is gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 1 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 99 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 90 per cent soils is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 10 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon.  About 99 per cent of the area is low (20 ppm) in an area of 3 per cent.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in maximum area of about 86 per cent, medium (0.5- 1.0 ppm) in 14 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 10 per cent of soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 234 (50) 232(50) Sapota - 446(96) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 467(100) Jamun - 446(96) Sunflower 234 (50) 232(50) Musambi 434(93) 12(3) Cotton 234 (50) 232(50) Lime 434(93) 12(3) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 234 (50) 232(50) Custard apple 446(96) 20(4) Bengal gram 467(100) - Amla 446(96) 20(4) Guava - 446(96) Tamarind - 446(96) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, of which would help in maintaining ecological balance and help in mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Dargah-2 micro-watershed (Invi sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17013' – 17015' North latitudes and 7704' – 7706' East longitudes, covering an area of about 467 ha, bounded by Kalgurki, Tonsanhalli, Mudbol, Baghwadi, Belgumpa and Mopti village with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Dargah-2 micro-watershed (Invi sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 50 to 50 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 64.7 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 64.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) 44.4 percent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking is around 77.8 per cent.  About 11 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card only 22 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 89 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 78 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making is around among all the households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.31 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 49.0 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is the subsidiary occupation around 39.2 percent of sample household.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.13036 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 247755 per household, about 55.5 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 62500 per household; about 22.2 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 809 grams (1719 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 56634 per household. About 55.5 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1396. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1864 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 919285 per year for the total area of 467 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 19789/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 23834) and sorghum (Rs. 15744).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of in redgram (Rs. 62342) and sorghum (Rs. 37643). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (92 %) and sorghum (7.9 %). 3  In Dargah-2 micro-watershed, major soils series are Dhandothi soils are having very deep soil depth covers around 4.6 % of area the major crops are red gram and sorghum. Dargah soils series are having deep soil depth covers around 29.3 per cent of area the crop is red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 21607/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 2.20) and Rs. 18883/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 2.58).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs.15131/ha (with BCR of 2.14).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (18.2 to 22.9 %) and sorghum (56.0 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Padasavli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 667 ha in Aland taluk of Kalaburagi district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 786 mm of which about 595 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 116mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soils, two per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 84 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 14 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agroforestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 4 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm), 9 per cent are moderately deep (75- 100 cm), 39 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 46 per cent are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 85 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (9.0) and about 33 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 3 per cent has soils that are neutral (6.5-7.3) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) and 17 per cent low (337 kg/ha) and 9 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.6 ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 78 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 18 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 61 (9) 40 (6) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 101 (15) Jamun - 30(4) Sunflower 61(9) 27(4) Musambi 30(4) 58(9) Cotton 61 (9) 40 (6) Lime 30(4) 58(9) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 61 (9) 40 (6) Custard apple 61 (9) 40 (6) Guava - - Amla 61 (9) 40 (6) Mango - - Tamarind - 30(4) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the field bunds, hillocks, mounds and ridges SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Padasavli-2 micro-watershed (Padasavli sub-watershed, Aland taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17034'–17037' North latitudes and 76025'– 76028' East longitudes, covering an area of about 666.62 ha, bounded by Chincholi Khurd, Khanapur, Nagalogaon and Nirgudi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Padasavli-2 micro-watershed (Padasavli subwatershed, Aland taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 58.7 to 41.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 57.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 97.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to others backward caste (OBC) is around 90.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  About 90.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making of agriculture production activities was found. Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 3.33 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and large farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 23.9 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 71.7 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.6300 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 4575 per household, about 60.0 per cent of sample farmers weeder and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 43000 per household; about 20.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 786.8 grams (1814.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 47502 per household. About 60.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.3280. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1364 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 893286 per year for the total area of 666.62 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 14165/ ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in sunflower (Rs. 15850) and redgram (Rs. 12479).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs 496378) and sunflower (Rs 23903). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is redgram (90.3 %) and sunflower (9.7 %).  In Padsalvi-2 micro-watershed, major soils are margutti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 46.28 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram (85.0 %), sunflower (15.0 %) and Mannur (MAN) are also having very deep soil depth cover 4.45 % of area, the crops are redgram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area of red gram range between Rs.21016/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.64) and Rs.16175/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.52).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation Rs. 16105/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.98). 3  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (19.3 to 56.4 %) and sunflower (46.0 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Padasavli-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 690 ha in Padasavli-3 microwatershed in Aland taluk of Kalaburgi district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 786 mm of which about 595 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 116 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 99 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 18 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) to moderately deep (75-100 cm), 51 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 30 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 8 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 80 per cent low (50- 100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 99 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.6 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 85 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 18 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 97 (14) 68 (10) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 165 (24) Jamun - 75 (11) Sunflower 97 (14) 68 (10) Musambi 75 (11) 47(7) Cotton 97 (14) 68 (10) Lime 75(11) 47 (7) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 97 (14) 68 (10) Custard apple 97 (14) 64(9) Guava - - Amla 97 (14) 64(9) Mango - - Tamarind - 75 (11) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the field bunds, hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Padasavli-3 micro-watershed (Padasavli sub-watershed, Aland taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17034'–17037' North latitudes and 76026'– 76029' East longitudes, covering an area of about 689.60 ha, bounded by Chincholi Khurd, Khandala, Khanapur and Nagalogaon villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Padasavli-3 micro-watershed (Padasavli sub-watershed, Aland taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 45.2 to 54.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 57.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 81 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 80 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 60 per cent.  About 20 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 20 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production of households was found. Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 2.04 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 55.8 % and irrigated land 44.2% of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 23.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 66.7 per cent and private service is 9.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 14798 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 106880 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart and plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 23395 per household; about 40.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 915.2 grams (2067.73 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 10 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 49807.6 per household. About 40.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1142. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 983 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 674334 per year for the total area of 689.6 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 170920/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 29175) and sugar cane (Rs. 19682).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. Per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 544) and sugarcane (Rs.21). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is red gram (77.60 %) and sugarcane (22.4 %).  In Padasavli 3 microwatershed, major soil is Margutti (MGT) soil series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 28 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Bhimanahalli (BHI) soil are also having shallow soil depth cover (20.13 %) of area, the major crop is red gram. Novinahala (NHA) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 25.46 per cent of areas, crops are red gram (50 %) and sugarcane (50.0 %). Gutti (GTT) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5 % of area; crop is red gram. Kamalapur soil 3 series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 7.41 per cent of areas; crop is red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for redgram the cost of cultivation range between Rs 33406/ha in KMP soil (with of 1.85) and Rs.20087/ha in GTT soil (with BCR of 2.96).  In sugarcane cost of cultivation in NHA soil is Rs.52729/ha (with BCR of 1.37).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (11.1 to 7.1 %), sugarcane (73 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kokkaragundi-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 322 ha. in Kokkaragundi-3 microwatershed in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm.The north-east monsoon contributes about 165 mm and prevails from October to early December, maximum of 363 mm precipitation takes place during south–west monsoon period from June to September and the remaining 105 mm takes place during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 26 soil phases (management units) and 6land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 5 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 39 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm), deep (100 - 150 cm) to moderately deep (75 - 100 cm), 41per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 15 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, less than one per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 56 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (9).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area  The land suitability for 21 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 75 (23) 82 (25) Jackfruit - 13 (4) Maize - 32 (10) Jamun - 124 (37) Bengal gram 69 (22) 132 (41) Musambi 56 (17) 68 (21) Ground nut - 140 (43) Lime 56 (17) 61 (19) Sunflower 67 (21) 101 (31) Cashew - - Cotton 50 (15) 140 (28) Custard apple 58 (17) 74 (24) Banana - 125 (39) Amla 56 (17) 71(22) Pomegranate - 125 (39) Tamarind - 113 (35) Mango - - Marigold - 150 (47) Guava - - Chrysanthamum 150 (47) Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub-marginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kokkaragundi-3 micro-watershed (Belhatti sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1501' – 1503' North latitudes and 75036' – 75038' East longitudes, covering an area of about 322 ha, bounded by Budihal, Belhatti, Hosur and Balehosur villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kokkaragundi-3 micro-watershed (Belhatti sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52.2 to 47.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 60.9 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 84.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 10 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the major source of energy for a cooking among 70 per cent.  About 50 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (70 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swachha bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 4.3 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making is around among all the households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.56 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 83.9 % and irrigated land 16.1 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.76 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 83.33 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.13417 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.137806 per household, about 40 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.17208 per household; about 53 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 840 grams (1772.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 100 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.12100 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1646. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 443 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 136065 per year for the total area of 322.24 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 12662/ha/year in maize.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3337/ ha/year in maize.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was in maize (Rs. 27169). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (100 %).  In Kokkaragundi-3 micro-watershed, major soil is Kabulayathakatti (KLK) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 15.28 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize, Attikatti (AKT) soils are also having shallow soil depth cover 0.44 %, Nabhapur (NBP) soil series having shallow 3 soil depth cover around 17.20 % of areas, Harve (HRV) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 11.43 % of area, Kalasapur (KPR) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 8.12% of area, respectively and Nagavi Tanda (NGT) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 7.42 % of area, all these are soil series major crop is maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.37277/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 3.08) and Rs.9961/ha in HRV soil (with BCR of 2.85).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (33.4 to79.2%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hosur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 487 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 98 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 19 per cent of the soils are deep (100 - 150 cm) to moderately deep (75-100 cm), 76 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 3 per cent are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 95 per cent area has gently to very gently sloping (1-5% slope) lands and 3 per cent is under gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 49 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 46 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 3 per cent soils severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 22 per cent has soils that are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4) and 75 per cent strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Entire area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 53 per cent area and 44 per cent area is high (>20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 89 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 8 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 3 per cent area and sufficient in 95 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 21 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Hosur-2 micro-watershed (Kanakvad sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1501' – 1503' North latitudes and 75039' – 75041' East longitudes, covering an area of about 487 ha, bounded by Chikasavanur, Narayanapur, Vadi and Kognur villages with length of growing period (LGP)150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Hosur-2 micro-watershed (Kanakvad subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 60 to 40 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 53.2 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 49 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 60 percent and general caste about 20 percent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  About 60.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 70 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.3 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.60 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 81.7 per cent and irrigated land 18.3 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 37.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 60 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 12322 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 6919 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having weeder and plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 26100 per household; about 58.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 935.1 grams (1980 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 40 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 26210 per household. About 90.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1223. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 931 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 443210 per year for the total area of 487 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 15168/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 5024) followed by sorghum (Rs. 24982), onion (Rs. 53475), horse gram and cotton negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1227/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 2779), horse gram (Rs.1372) and sorghum (Rs. 732).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 54734) followed by horse gram (Rs. 28158), maize (Rs. 24365), onion (Rs. 24546) and sorghum (Rs. 41825). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (70.2 %) followed by sorghum (13.6), onion (10.8 %), horse gram (2.7 %) and cotton (2.5 %).  In Hosur-2 micro-watershed, major soils are Attikatti (AKT) series are shallow soil depth cover around 16.6 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (23.4%) and maize (76.6 %). Yelisirunj (YSJ) soils are shallow soil depth cover around 47.3 % of area; major crops are cotton (9.4 %), maize (50.4 %) and onion (40.2 %). Attikatti Tanda (ATT) soils are moderately shallow soil depth covers around 11.7 % of area; major crop grown maize. Jelligeri (JLG) soils are moderately deep soil depth cover around 7.3 % of areas; major crops grown horse gram (16.7 %) and sorghum (83.3 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 51801/ha in YSJ soil (with BCR of 1.24) and Rs.14140/ha in AKT soil (with BCR of 1.05).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs 25035 ha in YSJ soil (with BCR of 1.24) and Rs.21238/ha in AKT soil (with BCR of 1.15).  In onion the cost of cultivation in YSJ soil is Rs. 15777/ha (with BCR of 4.39).  In horsegram cost of cultivation in JLG soil is Rs.35214 ha (with BCR of 0.95) and sorghum cost of cultivation in JLG soil is Rs.9324 ha (with BCR of 3.76).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthening agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertilizer recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (78.2 to 73.1) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dargah-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 465 ha in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 762 mm of which about 571mm is received during south –west monsoon, 99 mm during north-east and the remaining 92 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent by water bodies and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 2 Land Use Classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 99 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 1 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 40 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm) and 60 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150cm).  About 99 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 99 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils.  About 88 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity and 11 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m).  About 99 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 33 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 66 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 57 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 43 per cent strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) and 4 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm).  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  About 2 per cent area has soils that are sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in available zinc and about 452 ha (97%) area is deficient.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 319(68) 145(31) Sapota - 464(99) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram 114 (24) 349(75) Jamun - 464(99) Sunflower 319 (68) 145(31) Musambi 410(88) 54(11) Cotton 319 (68) 145(31) Lime 410(88) 54(11) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 319 (68) 145(31) Custard apple 464(99) - Bengal gram 465(99) - Amla 464(99) - Guava - 464(99) Tamarind - 464(99) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the two identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Dargah-3 Microwatershed (Invi sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17012' – 17014' North latitudes and 7704' – 7707' East longitudes, covering an area of about 465 ha, bounded by Tonsanhalli, Mudbol, Mulkod, Belgumpa and Gundagurthi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Dargah-3 Microwatershed (Invi sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 61.8 to 38.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 49.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 89.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) among all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 60.0 per cent.  About 40.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Around 30.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.09 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 32.4 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 35.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 128017 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 108399 per household, about 70 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.36667 per household; about 33.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 976.5 grams (2202.14 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 53513 per household. About 40.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2045. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 927 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 430021 per year for the total area of 463.98 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 19591/ha/year in red gram.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs.56126). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (100 %).  In Dergah-3 Microwatershed, major soils are soil of Dargah (DRG) series is having deep soil depth cover around 28.05 % of area. On this soil farmers are 3 presently growing red gram (100 %) and Dandothi (DDT) are also having very deep soil depth cover 60.08 % of area, the crops are red gram (100 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram range between Rs. 24975/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 2.23) and Rs 22079/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 2.29).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (12.4%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bhimnalli microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 643 ha in Bhimnalli microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 34 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 97 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 3 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agroforestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 29 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm), 2 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150cm), 54 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25- 75 cm) and about 13 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 16 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 76 per cent low (51- 100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) and 1 per cent low (337 kg/ha) and 29 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm).  Available iron, manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 23 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 80 (12) 71 (11) Guava - 174(21) Maize - 54 (8) Jackfruit - 6(1) Red gram - 137 (21) Jamun - 100(15) Sunflower 80 (12) - Musambi 43 (7) 131(20) Cotton 43 (7) 108 (17) Lime 43 (7) 131(20) Sugarcane - - Cashew 6(1) 13(2) Soybean 80(12) 57 (9) Custard apple 157 (24) 286(44) Bengalgram 137(21) 81(13) Amla 157 (24) 119 (18) Mango - 6(1) Tamarind - 113 (17) Sapota - 161(25) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Bhimnalli Microwatershed (Kamalapur sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17036' – 17038' North latitudes and 7700' – 7702' East longitudes, covering an area of about 643 ha, bounded by Dhanura, Bachinal, Mormanchi and Kurnur villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Bhimnalli Microwatershed Gulbarga taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 59.1 to 40.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 47.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 68.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 50 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 50 per cent.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium and large farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 45.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 40.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 13980 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 161200 per household, about 40 per cent, of sample farmer having plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 37292 per household; around 80 per cent of sample household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 953.4 grams (2288.91 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 55782 per household. About 60 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2266. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 3008 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 1883220 per year for the total area of 642.74 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 10350/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs.17261) followed by sorghum (Rs. 3440).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 988/ ha/year in sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 62920) followed by sorghum (Rs. 47054). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (36.9 %) followed by greengram (27.11 %) and sorghum (9.0 %).  In Bhimnalli Microwatershed, major soil is Novinihala (NHA) series having shallow soil depth cover around 5.82 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram, sorghum, Mahagaon (MAN) series having very deep soil depth cover around 1.77 % of area, the crops are red gram, 3 Kalamundargi (KGI) soil series are having shallow soil depth cover around 0.9 % of areas; crops are redgram, Ramnelli (RMN) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 3.75 % of area; crops are redgram, Rajnala (RML) soil series deep soil depth cover around 4.55 % of area. The major crops grown redgram, Dinsi (DSI) soil series moderately shallow soil depth cover around 2.41 % of area, the major crop grown is red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 39379/ha in RNL soil (with BCR of 1.44) and Rs. 24845 /ha in MAN soil (with BCR of 1.72).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in NHA soil Rs 24348/ha (with BCR of 1.18).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (0 to 45 %) and sorghum (9.9 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dharjamga-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 830 ha in Dharjamga-1 microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 87 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 13 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro-forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 13 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm), 66 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 20 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 41 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 53 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 8 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) and about 1 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 56 per cent deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 94 (11) 267 (32) Guava - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 361 (43) Jamun - 23(3) Sunflower 23 (3) 71 (9) Musambi 23 (3) 71(9) Cotton 23 (3) 338 (41) Lime 23 (3) 71(9) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 76(9) 285 (34) Custard apple 94 (11) 267(32) Bengalgram 361(43) 282 (34) Amla 94 (11) 267(32) Mango - - Tamarind - 23 (3) Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps sustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Dharjamga-1 Microwatershed (Sonath sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17037' – 17039' North latitudes and 7703' – 7705' East longitudes, covering an area of about 830 ha, bounded by Kinhi, Dongaragaon, Bhimnalli, Sonath, Wahadi and Gobbarwadi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Dharjamga-1 micro-watershed (Sonath subwatershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 63.2 to 36.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 57.9 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 42.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 50.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 80.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 50 per cent.  Swachha bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 10 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making of agriculture productivity of among the all sample households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.83 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition among the sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 53.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 40.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 24500 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 43600 per household; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 776.4 grams (1727 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 100 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 41320 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 2294. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 2718 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 2190754 per year for the total area of 830.21 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 22897/ha/year of red gram.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was in red gram (Rs.61122). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (100 %).  In Dharjamga-1 Micro-watershed, major soil of Basaltic landforms of Margutti series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 5.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, soil of Matki series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 2.8 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, soil of Novinihal series is having shallow soil depth cover around 30.1% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, soil of Bhimanahalli series is having shallow soil depth cover around 3.8 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, soil of gutti series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 4.4% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, soil of Kamalapur series is 3 having moderately deep soil depth cover around 8.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.29890/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.57) and Rs.14968/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 2.74).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (3.6 to 22.4%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Margutti microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 638 ha in Margutti microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought -prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 93 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 2 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 29 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm), 59 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 8 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 14 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and 66 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 92 per cent has soils that are low (57kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 60 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha), 24 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 12 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm).  About 2 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 24 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 186 (29) 4 (1) Guava - 200(31) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 190 (30) Jamun - 186(29) Sunflower 186 (29) - Musambi 99 (16) 101(16) Cotton 99 (16) 90 (14) Lime 99 (16) 101(16) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 186(29) 4 (1) Custard apple 200 (31) 347(54) Bengalgram 189(30) 191(30) Amla 200 (31) 170 (27) Mango - - Tamarind - 186 (29) Sapota - 200(31) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps sustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would helps in not only supplementing the farm income but also provides fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Margutti micro-watershed (Kamlapur sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17035' – 17037' North latitudes and 76059' – 7701' East longitudes, covering an area of about 638 ha, surrounded by Dongargaon, Bhimnalli, Bachnal and Kamlapur villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Margutti micro-watershed, Gulbarga taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 69 to 31 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58.6 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 81 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 70 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 70 per cent.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (10 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20 per cent of sample household.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.83 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi-medium farmers. The total cultivated land of dry land condition among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation and agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 72.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.110297 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.4150 per household, about 80 per cent of sample farmers having weeder and plough (40%).  The average value of livestock is around Rs.44750 per household; about 90 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 819.5 grams (1837.46 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.19780 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2073. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 3344 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 2039998 per year for the total area of 638 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs.3963/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 12227) and green gram is negative returns.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 50552) followed by green gram (Rs. 33122). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (98.5%) followed by green gram (1.5 %).  In Margutti micro-watershed, major soil are basaltic landforms of Kalamundaragi (KGI) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 56.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (97.7 %) and green gram (2.3 %). Novinihala (NHA) is also having shallow soil depth cover 26.73 % of area, the crops are red gram. Kamalapur (KMP) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 13.59 % of areas, crops are red gram. 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 29084/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.39) and Rs. 16610/ha in KGI soil (with BCR of 1.6).  In green gram the cost of cultivation in KGI soil is Rs 44134/ha (with BCR of 0.54).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (5.4 to 37.6 %) and green gram (43.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dummadri-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 585 ha in Dummadri-4 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm, of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 96 per cent area is covered by soils and 4 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and one land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with the constraints were generated.  96 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 4 per cent is not suitable.  About 89 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) and 7 per cent is deep (100- 150 cm) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 35 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 61 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 72 per cent has soils that are strongly alkaline soils (pH 8.4-9.0) and 24 per cent very strongly alkaline (>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 118 ha (20%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 83 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 66 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 30 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 76 per cent and 20 per cent high (>20 ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) and 5 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 562 (96) - Guava - 562 (96) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 562 (96) Jamun - 562 (96) Soybean 562 (96) - Musambi 562 (96) - Bengalgram 562 (96) - Lime 562 (96) - Sunflower 562 (96) - Cashew - - Cotton 562 (96) - Custard apple 562 (96) - Sugarcane - - Amla 562 (96) - Mango - - Tamarind - 562 (96) Sapota - 562 (96) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the one identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Dummadri-4 micro-watershed (Dummadri sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 16045' – 16048' North latitudes and 76030' – 76034' East longitudes, covering an area of about 585.29 ha, bounded by Dummadri, Kachapura, Vadagera and Sumbada villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Dummadri-4 micro-watershed (Dummadri subwatershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 61.5 to 38.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 69.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 70.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all the households.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 10.0 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 10.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 30 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.98 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land is total cultivated area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 27.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 65.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 19429 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 7929 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 57222 per household; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock in sample households.  The average per capita food consumption is around 869 grams (1871.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 55082 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2707. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 894 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 502518 per year for the total area of 563 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 20104/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 29367) followed by redgram (Rs. 20481) and paddy (Rs. 10464).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 1366/ ha/year is paddy.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 59056), cotton (Rs. 48673) and paddy (Rs. 29483). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is paddy (55.0 %) followed by cotton (24.9 %) and red gram (20.1 %)  In Dummadri micro-watershed, major soil are Yedrami (YDM) series having very deep soil depth cover around 88.6 % of area; the main crop are cotton (24.6 %), paddy (55.4 %) and redgram (20.0 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for paddy in YDM soil is Rs.27719/ha (with BCR of 1.41). 3  In cotton the cost of cultivation in YDM soil is Rs.20164/ha (with BCR of 2.52) and red gram the cost of cultivation in YDM soil is Rs 17487/ha (with BCR of 2.19).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in paddy (69.9%), cotton (29.3%) and redgram (11.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The land resource inventory of Mormanchi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 597 ha in Mormanchi microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 81 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 15 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 9 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 25 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 62 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 14 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 76 per cent low (51- 100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 95 per cent has soils that are low (20 ppm) in about 1 per cent area.  Available boron is low (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 56 (9) 61 (10) Guava - - Maize - 61 (10) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 117 (20) Jamun - 37(6) Sunflower 56 (9) - Musambi 37(6) 20 (3) Cotton 56 (9) 61 (10) Lime 37(6) 20 (3) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 56 (9) 61 (10) Custard apple 56 (9) 61(10) Bengalgram 118(20) 87 (15) Amla 56 (9) 61(10) Mango - - Tamarind - 37 (6) Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helpssustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges.This would helps in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass thus helping in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Mormanchi Micro-watershed (Sonath sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17036' – 17038' North latitudes and 7704' – 7706' East longitudes, covering an area of about 597 ha, bounded by Gobbarwadi, Kinhi, Patvada, Bhimhalli and Chengta villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Mormanchi Microwatershed (Sonath subwatershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65.4 to 34.6 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59.6 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 40.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) among the all sample households.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all the sample households.  Majority of farm households (10 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.9 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 1.9 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making of agriculture production among the all sample households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.91 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total cultivated land by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 17.4 per cent and agriculture is a main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 75.0 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 23900 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 11500 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having ploughed and bullock cart.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 43000 per household; about 58 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 870.5 grams (2046.91 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.37480 per household. Among the all farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2375. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1441 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 827326 per year for the total area of 597.20 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 7005/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 11324) and black gram (Rs. 2685).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in black gram (Rs. 72496) and red gram (Rs. 64245). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (91.0 %) followed by black gram (9.0 %). 3  In Mormanchi Micro-watershed, major soil is Basaltic landforms of Margutti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 52.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Matki (MAT) series are also having very shallow soil depth cover around 9.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing black gram. Dinsi (DSI) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 10.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 50083/ha in DSI soil (with BCR of 1.19) and Rs. 32666/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.57).  In black gram the cost of cultivation is in MAT soil Rs 28808/ha (with BCR of 1.09).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (0 to 4.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gopanhalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 567 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of the microwatershed is covered by soils except 1 ha area, which is covered by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 3 soil phases (management units) and one land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) in soil depth.  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed soils are non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of the microwatershed has very gently (1-3% slope) sloping lands.  An area of about 90 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 9 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded.  Entire area of the microwatershed soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in 26 per cent area is 0.75%) in soil organic carbon content.  Entire area of the microwatershed is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in the entire soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient in (0.6 ppm) in 23 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 566(100) - Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 566(100) Jamun - 566(100) Sunflower 566(100) - Musambi 566(100) - Cotton 566(100) Lime 566(100) - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 566(100) - Custard apple 566(100) - Bengal gram 566(100) - Amla 566(100) - Guava - - Tamarind - 566(100) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUC by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gopanhalli-2 micro-watershed (Mudhol sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 1704'–1706' North latitudes and 77021'–77024' East longitudes, covering an area of about 567.15 ha, bounded by Mudhol, Adki, Bidharcheda and Gopanpalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Gopanhalli-2 micro-watershed (Mudhol subwatershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 64.6 to 35.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 77.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward castes (OBC) is around 10.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 50.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 60 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 4.2 per cent households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 31.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 60.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.88167 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. 2  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.5500 per household, about 20.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough  The average value of livestock is around Rs.75000 per livestock; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 831.3 grams (1831.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 50 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.20717 per household. Among the all farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2295 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.420 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.237921 per year for the total area of 567.15 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 10316/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in bengal gram (Rs.21561) followed by redgram (Rs.10671) and greengram is negative return.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs 64858) followed by green gram (Rs 42379) and redgram (Rs 60481). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (74.6 %) followed by bengal gram (15.8 %) and green gram (9.6%).  In Gopanhalli-2 micro-watershed, major soil are Dargah (DRG) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 4.22 % of areas, crops grown are bengalgram (53.8 %) and redgram (46.2 %) and Dandothi (DDT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 95.52 % of area, crops grown are green gram (13.0 %) and redgram (87.0 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.52021/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 1.00) and Rs.28339/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.59).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation in DRG soil is Rs.20701/ha (with BCR of 2.04) and green gram the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs. 19699/ha (with BCR of 0.93). 3  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (8.3 to 9.9 %), bengal gram (35.9 %) and green gram (28.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanapet-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 646 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 631 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 3 ha by rock outcrops and about 13 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 3 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 66 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 31 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 17 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 81 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 35 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 2 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 1 per cent area is very low (0.75).  About 13 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 69 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 15 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 75 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 22 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 97 per cent area and sufficient in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 623(97) Sapota - 15(2) Maize - - Pomegranate - 429(66) Bajra - 429(66) Musambi - 428(66) Groundnut - 15 (2) Lime - 428(66) Sunflower - 429(66) Amla - 622(97) Redgram - 429(66) Cashew - - Bengal gram 29(5) 573(89) Jackfruit - 15(2) Cotton 29(5) 579(90) Jamun - 383(59) Chilli - 429(66) Custard apple - 623(97) Tomato - 15(2) Tamarind - 383(59) Drumstick - 429(66) Mulberry - 15(2) Mango - 29(5) Marigold - 623(97) Guava - 15(2) Chrysanthemum - 623(97)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Narayanapet-2 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16034' – 16036' North latitudes and 770 14' – 76016' East longitudes, covering an area of about 645.69 ha, bounded by Kanikal, Kudlura, Hegganakera and Kyathanala villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Narayanpet-2 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 43.9 to 56.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 43.9 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 54.9 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) are around 62.5 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking around 93.8 per cent sample households.  About 12.5 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 12.5 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 87.5 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 25 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 75 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.21 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The account for dry land of 31.16 ha among the total cultivated land among the sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation is only 6.10 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 40.24 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.14679 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.12142 per household, about 20.0 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.43333 per household; about 26.32 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1168.2 grams (2557.1 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 94 per cent of sample households are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.55121 per household. About 93.8 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.4689. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. Rs.9659/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs.15372) followed by green gram (Rs.12705), red gram (Rs.8639) and sorghum (Rs. 1920).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs.1646/ ha/year in sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The value of per hectare water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs.63129) followed by green gram (Rs.56859), red gram (Rs.48518) and sorghum (Rs. 37643). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (51.2%) followed by cotton (36.7 %), green gram (6.0 %) and sorghum (6.0 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.73340/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.01) and Rs.28595/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.42).  In redgram the cost of cultivation range between Rs.45689/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.12) and Rs.29530/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.34), 3  In sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs.17480/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.20) and  In greengram the cost of cultivation is Rs.23522/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.54).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (33.5 %), redgram (22.8 to 29.2 %), greengram (3.6 %) and sorghum (56.0 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chik Hangargi-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 711ha in Chik Hangargi-2 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm, of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 98 per cent area is covered by soils and 2 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 3 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with the constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 2 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) and 24 per cent is deep (100- 150 cm), 33 per cent is shallow (25-50 cm) and 39 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) and 24 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 33 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 6 ha (1%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 94 per cent has soils that are low (1 per cent high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 76 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 22 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 71 per cent, 15 per cent high (>20 ppm) and 12 per cent low (1.0 ppm) in about 1%.  Major area is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 4 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 186 (26) - Guava - 14 (2) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 186 (26) Jamun - 186 (26) Soybean 14 (2) 172 (24) Musambi 186 (26) - Bengalgram 186 (26) 235 (33) Lime 186 (26) - Sunflower 186 (26) - Cashew - - Cotton 186 (26) - Custard apple 186 (26) - Sugarcane - - Amla 186 (26) - Mango - - Tamarind - 186 (26) Sapota - 14 (2) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lots of biomass. This would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Chick Hangargi-2 micro-watershed (Chick Hangargi sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 16045' – 16051' North latitudes and 76032' – 76035' East longitudes, covering an area of about 711.06 ha, bounded by Sumbada and Yedrami villages with length of growing period (LGP)120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Chick Hangargi-2 (Chick Hangargi subwatershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 59.0 to 41.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 48.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 66.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other back ward caste (OBC) is around 80.0 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 10.0 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making among all the households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.70 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 18 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is a subsidiary occupation is 56.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 19206 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 5036 per household, about 59.0 per cent of sample farmers having weeder.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 13667 per household; about 33.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 757.9 grams (1664.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 61121 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 1612. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 683 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 476440 per year for the total area of 698 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 259749/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 504654) followed by cotton (Rs. 242593) and sorghum (Rs. 32000).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 3293/ ha/year in sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs 62518), cotton (Rs 53778) and sorghum (Rs 40152). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (58.8 %) followed by cotton (32.8 %), sorghum (7.9 %) and paddy (0.5 %).  In Chick Hangargi-2 micro-watershed, major soil is Margutti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 38.93 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (20.8 %) and redgram (79.2 %). 3 Novinihala (NHA) are having shallow soil depth cover 33.09 % of area, the crops are redgram (67.4 %) and sorghum (32.6 %) and Dimal (DIM) series are having deep soil depth cover around 24.15 % of area, the crops are cotton (67.4 %) and redgram (32.6%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton range between Rs 33716/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.40) and Rs 29641/ha in DIM soil (with BCR of 1.61).  In redgram the cost of cultivation range between in MGT soil Rs. 29316/ha (with BCR of 1.60) and Rs 21477/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.47).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation Rs 20465/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.45).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in sorghum (53.1 %), cotton (31.1 to 12.6 %) and redgram (8.9 to 3.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Padasavli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 535 ha in Padasavli-1 microwatershed in Aland taluk of Kalaburgi district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 786 mm of which about 595 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 116 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture  About 11 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) to moderately deep (75-100 cm), 73 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 11 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 18 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 68 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) and 14 per cent low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 23 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 72 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1 ppm) in available boron.  About 8 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 69 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 18 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 33 (6) 131(25) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 164 (31) Jamun - 49 (9) Sunflower 33(6) 24 (5) Musambi 33(6) 24 (5) Cotton 33 (6) 131 (25) Lime 33(6) 24 (5) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 33(6) 131 (25) Custard apple 33(6) 131(25) Guava - - Amla 33(6) 131(25) Mango - - Tamarind - 49 (9) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.   Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the field bunds, hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Padasavli-1 micro-watershed (Padasavli sub-watershed, Aland taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17035'–17036' North latitudes and 76025'– 76028' East longitudes, covering an area of about 534.63 ha, bounded by Chincholi Khurd, Hiroli, Nagalogaon and Matki villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Padasavli-1 micro-watershed (Padasavli subwatershed, Aland taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 57 to 42.1 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 60.2 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 76.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) among all sample households.  Firewood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 20 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 89 per cent of sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample households  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all the sample households. Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 2.67 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 44.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is a subsidiary occupation about 55.3 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 6833. per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 3721 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart (50 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 28125 per household; about 78.5 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 844 grams (1774 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 65120 per household. About 70 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1995. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1260 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 640239 per year for the total area of 534 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 7231/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 15388) followed by sunflower (Rs. 5371) and greengram (Rs.934).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 42840), followed by green gram (Rs. 34116) and sunflower (Rs. 24122). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is red gram (83.7 %) followed by green gram (8.7 %) and sunflower (7.6 %).  In Padasavali-1 Microwatershed, major soil series are Novinihala series are having shallow soil depth covers around 38.7 % of area the major crops are green gram (60 %) and redgram (40 %). Mahagaon soil series having are very deep soils depth covers around 9.22 % of area the crops are redgram. Marugutti soil series are having very shallow depth covers around 9.2 % of area the crops are redgram (44.4 %) and sunflower (55.6 %). Gutti soil series are having moderately shallow depth covers around (4.64) of area the crops are red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 32931/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs. 18116/ha in MAN soil (with BCR of 2.21). 3  In sunflower the cost of cultivation in MGT soil is Rs.16128/ha (with BCR of 1.33) and green gram the cost of cultivation in NHA soil is Rs.18826/ha (with BCR of 1.08).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (40.1 to 50.3 %), followed by sunflower (56.0 %) and greengram (42.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project