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The main objective of this study is to analyse the effect of the professional environment on sick leaves. The professional context is approximated by the sector of activity. The database used - Hygie (2005-2008) - allows taking individual heterogeneity into account thanks to the longitudinal dimension. Sick leave probability is estimated through a fixed effects logit model and the duration (number of days absent due to sickness) is estimated through a fixed effects Poisson model. The results show that sectors of activity differ in sick leave duration rather than in the occurrence. Indeed, taking into account individual heterogeneity and differences in health status and wages reduces the variability in sick leave probability between sectors by half. On the other hand, the sector remains decisive in explaining sick leave durations. This residual variability may refer to unobserved differences in working conditions, in the generosity of daily sick pay benefits or in job insecurity.

This is the accepted version of a paper published as: Monchambert, G., & De Palma, A. (2014). Public transport reliability and commuter strategy. Journal of Urban Economics, 81, 14-29.This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination. Access to the published version may require subscription.N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper ; International audience ; We consider the modeling of a bi-modal competitive network involving a public transport mode, which may be unreliable, and an alternative mode. Commuters select a transport mode and their arrival time at the station when they use public transport. The public transport reliability set by the public transport firm at the competitive equilibrium increases with the alternative mode fare, via a demand effect. This is reminiscent of the Mohring effect. The study of the optimal service quality shows that often, public transport reliability and thereby patronage are lower at equilibrium compared to first-best social optimum. The paper provides some public policy insights.

We investigate the impact of the interaction of disclosure and ownership structure on bank risk. Using a sample of 209 commercial banks from Asia during the 2004-2010 period, we find that disclosure is negatively associated with income volatility and that such an impact is stronger in the presence of block holders and institutional ownership and weaker with insider or government ownership. Our results also provide evidence that better disclosure ensures greater stability as measured by individual bank default risk. Furthermore, a deeper investigation shows that disclosure on income statement, loans, other earning assets, deposits, and memo lines plays a stronger role in limiting risk than disclosure on non-deposit liabilities.

This is the accepted version of a paper published as: Monchambert, G., & De Palma, A. (2014). Public transport reliability and commuter strategy. Journal of Urban Economics, 81, 14-29.This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination. Access to the published version may require subscription.N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper ; International audience ; We consider the modeling of a bi-modal competitive network involving a public transport mode, which may be unreliable, and an alternative mode. Commuters select a transport mode and their arrival time at the station when they use public transport. The public transport reliability set by the public transport firm at the competitive equilibrium increases with the alternative mode fare, via a demand effect. This is reminiscent of the Mohring effect. The study of the optimal service quality shows that often, public transport reliability and thereby patronage are lower at equilibrium compared to first-best social optimum. The paper provides some public policy insights.

Version préliminaire (35 p.) La version définitive inclura des auteurs supplémentaires. ; This article is the first to renews the old debate of "rules versus. discretion" by introducing propensity score matching methods in macro analysis, such as Tapsoba (2012), and by using instrumental methods, to consider the national stability culture. By taking into account, at the same time, the self-selection problem and the omitted unobserved factor bias, in a sample of 126 countries of all level of development over the period 1985-2010, we provide strong evidence about the positive causal effect of fiscal rules adoption on the reduction of fiscal policy procyclicality. We find an asymmetrical impact, since fiscal rules adoption contributed to upgrade budget balance in periods of expansion, while it doesn't increase budget deficit in periods of recession. Furthermore, we show that the budget balance rules and the debt rules are more effective to dampen procyclicality than expenditure rules. We also provide evidence that the coverage of fiscal rules is not a critical issue to strength against procyclicality. Empirical results also displays the positive impact of the adoption of flexible rules, but also the adoption of fiscal rules combined to improve policy responsiveness. Finally, we find that FRs are effective when taking into account the national stability culture. This positive impact of fiscal rules adoption on fiscal policy cyclicality comes from an improvement of fiscal policy disciplinary, by ensuring a sustainable path of deficit and debt, or by smoothing business cycles.

The accounting records, drawn directly from business practice, make it possible to enter the heart of commercial collaborations between Christians and Jews, and between Christians and mustars, in Europe and the western Mediterranean of the Netherlands Middle Ages. The article looks at the traces of economic, but also social and cultural exchanges through an examination of the 1330-1332 Ugo Teralh Journal of Forcalquier, and accounting records of Francesco Datini companies located in Mallorca and Valencia in the years 1390-1410. Often in complete contradiction with legislative texts aimed at increasing spatial segregation between different religious groups, business practice writing makes it possible to present a different reading of their relations and to highlight a scale of common moral values. ; International audience ; The accounting records, drawn directly from business practice, make it possible to enter the heart of commercial collaborations between Christians and Jews, and between Christians and mustars, in Europe and the western Mediterranean of the Netherlands Middle Ages. The article looks at the traces of economic, but also social and cultural exchanges through an examination of the 1330-1332 Ugo Teralh Journal of Forcalquier, and accounting records of Francesco Datini companies located in Mallorca and Valencia in the years 1390-1410. Often in complete contradiction with legislative texts aimed at increasing spatial segregation between different religious groups, business practice writing makes it possible to present a different reading of their relations and to highlight a scale of common moral values. ; Les documents comptables, issus directement de la pratique des affaires, permettent de pénétrer au cœur de collaborations commerciales entre chrétiens et juifs, et entre chrétiens et mudéjars, dans l'Europe et la Méditerranée occidentale du Bas Moyen Âge. L'article considère les traces d'échanges économiques, mais également sociaux et culturels à travers l'examen du livre-journal d'Ugo Teralh de ...

This paper puts the recent evolution of tax revenues in developing countries in historical perspective. Using a novel dataset on total and trade tax revenues we compare the fiscal cost of trade liberalization in developing countries and in today's rich countries at earlier stages of development. We find that trade liberalization episodes led to larger and longer- lived decreases in total tax revenues in developing countries since the 1970s than in rich countries in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The fall in total tax revenues lasts more than ten years in half the developing countries in our sample.

This paper explores how trade integration influences the decision by national governments to bailout manufacturing firms. We develop a 2-country model of generalized oligopoly with heterogenous firms and trade costs. High-cost firms are eligible for a bailout while low-cost firms are profitable. Our results show that trade liberalization influences both political benefits of a bailout and its relative cost as compared to a laissez-faire policy. If the fall in trade cost is so large that it allows high-cost firms to become exporters, governments might move away from a bailout policy to a laissez-faire policy. In contrast, a marginal decline in trade costs that does not affect the export status of high-cost firms, always makes governments more prone to adopt a bailout decision.

International audience ; The impact of the fragmentation of executive and legislative bodies on the level and composition of government expenditure is a political feature that attracted considerable attention from economists. However, previous authors have abstracted from two important concepts : ideology and intra-party politics. In this paper, we explicitly account for these two phenomenons, and make two main contributions. First, we show that both intra-party and interparty ideological dispersion matters in the level of public spending. Therefore, it is incorrect to consider parties as monolithic entities. We also show that ideological dispersion matters especially for current expenditures, and not so much for investment expenditures. To do so, we construct a panel database (2003 to 2011) including data from a survey that quantifies the policy preferences of individual party members that were candidates to federal elections in Switzerland.

This paper explores how trade integration influences the decision by national governments to bailout manufacturing firms. We develop a 2-country model of generalized oligopoly with heterogenous firms and trade costs. High-cost firms are eligible for a bailout while low-cost firms are profitable. Our results show that trade liberalization influences both political benefits of a bailout and its relative cost as compared to a laissez-faire policy. If the fall in trade cost is so large that it allows high-cost firms to become exporters, governments might move away from a bailout policy to a laissez-faire policy. In contrast, a marginal decline in trade costs that does not affect the export status of high-cost firms, always makes governments more prone to adopt a bailout decision.

International audience ; The impact of the fragmentation of executive and legislative bodies on the level and composition of government expenditure is a political feature that attracted considerable attention from economists. However, previous authors have abstracted from two important concepts : ideology and intra-party politics. In this paper, we explicitly account for these two phenomenons, and make two main contributions. First, we show that both intra-party and interparty ideological dispersion matters in the level of public spending. Therefore, it is incorrect to consider parties as monolithic entities. We also show that ideological dispersion matters especially for current expenditures, and not so much for investment expenditures. To do so, we construct a panel database (2003 to 2011) including data from a survey that quantifies the policy preferences of individual party members that were candidates to federal elections in Switzerland.

In this article,we use a history of economic thought perspective to analyze the process by which the Chicago School of Antitrust emerged in the 1950s and became dominant in the US. We show the extent to which economic objectives and theoretical views shaped antitrust laws in their inception. After establishing the minor influence of economics in the promulgation of US competition laws, we then highlight US economists' very cautious views about antitrust until the Second New Deal. We analyze the process by which the Chicago School developed a general and coherent framework for competition policy. We rely mainly on the seminal and programmatic work of Director and Levi (1956) and trace how this theoretical paradigm was made collective, i.e. the "economization" process took place in US antitrust. Finally, we discuss the implications, if not the possible pitfalls, of such a conversion to economics - led competition law enforcement.

The Active Solidarity Income (RSA) was established in France in 2008.2. With a view to promoting integration rather than assistance, the RSA aims to put people on the move, make them 'active', including in second-class jobs, in accordance with the principles of workfare. In order to receive the RSA, each person must sign an integration contract and undertake to comply with certain commitments relating, for example, to training and job search. At the same time, the participation of beneficiaries is foreseen in the referral bodies, in the multidisciplinary teams responsible for dealing with problematic cases and in the evaluation of the scheme. However, during a search and action carried out for the Conseil Général de la Loire in the Rhône-Alpes Region and AGASEF3, an association which accompanies certain beneficiaries (the term we prefer over that of 'beneficiaries'), we found that the application of the law leads to a series of inconsistencies and inusctions.4 In this text, we return to these findings and to possible ways of ensuring that legislative requirements take shape and make sense in concrete practice. ; International audience ; The Active Solidarity Income (RSA) was established in France in 2008.2. With a view to promoting integration rather than assistance, the RSA aims to put people on the move, make them 'active', including in second-class jobs, in accordance with the principles of workfare. In order to receive the RSA, each person must sign an integration contract and undertake to comply with certain commitments relating, for example, to training and job search. At the same time, the participation of beneficiaries is foreseen in the referral bodies, in the multidisciplinary teams responsible for dealing with problematic cases and in the evaluation of the scheme. However, during a search and action carried out for the Conseil Général de la Loire in the Rhône-Alpes Region and AGASEF3, an association which accompanies certain beneficiaries (the term we prefer over that of 'beneficiaries'), we found ...

In this article,we use a history of economic thought perspective to analyze the process by which the Chicago School of Antitrust emerged in the 1950s and became dominant in the US. We show the extent to which economic objectives and theoretical views shaped antitrust laws in their inception. After establishing the minor influence of economics in the promulgation of US competition laws, we then highlight US economists' very cautious views about antitrust until the Second New Deal. We analyze the process by which the Chicago School developed a general and coherent framework for competition policy. We rely mainly on the seminal and programmatic work of Director and Levi (1956) and trace how this theoretical paradigm was made collective, i.e. the "economization" process took place in US antitrust. Finally, we discuss the implications, if not the possible pitfalls, of such a conversion to economics - led competition law enforcement.

Performance-based financing becomes a common strategy to improve health sector quality. The findings of this paper imply that performance-based financing should take motivational effects and levels of provider capacity into account. Using a field experiment in the Democratic Republic of Congo, we find that financial incentives led to more effort from health workers on rewarded activities, without deterring effort on non-rewarded activities. We also find a shift from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation. Finally, the increased effort by health workers proved unsuccessful and led to a reduction in revenue, suggesting that health workers lacked the capacity to develop appropriate strategies to perform.