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The article discusses the features of teaching municipal law at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. This was in uenced by various factors, the central place among which is the dynamics of ideas about the essence of local self-government. The issues of teaching municipal law at Moscow University are traditionally included in the range of tasks of the department related to the organization of state power - the department of state law, Soviet construction, now - the department of constitutional and municipal law. The teachers of the department have made and continue to make to the formation of local self-government and Russian statehood. Devoting their work to the problems of the organization and activities of local authorities, the teachers of the department, on the one hand, maintained the continuity of scienti c views, strengthening the traditions of the national state-law school, and on the other hand, they created the foundation for future statelegal (constitutionallegal) transformations, sensitively responding to the requirements of the time, and sometimes ahead of them. Special attention is drawn to the fact that the issues of teaching municipal law at Moscow University are traditionally included in the range of tasks of the department related to the organization of state power - the department of state law and Soviet construction, now - the department of constitutional and municipal law. The paper points to the contribution that the teachers of the department have made and continue to make to the formation of local self-government and Russian statehood as a whole.

Introduction. The article proposes a method of theoretical research on state policy in the scientific field by highlighting economic, legal and administrative aspects in its structure and using the well-known theoretical models of economics, law and politics to analyze specific documents and identify theoretical problems that require special study. The essence of the proposed changes in the methods of analysis is that, while at present the economic and legal aspects are considered instruments subordinate to the political objective, in the future it will be necessary to optimize these policy elements based on the developed theoretical apparatus in these areas and build state policy as a system of coordinated solutions in various aspects. Methods. An effective state policy is possible only on the condition of harmonious use of the methods inherent in each of the abovementioned areas of science. In the field of science management, the use of the economic theory of externalities (external effects) and institutional theory (optimization conditions) is especially relevant. At present, in Russia, the state policy in the scientific field is formed centrally in subordination to objectives that are also formed by political authorities. For this reason, the advantage of the three components of politics (management, economics and law) is, of course, given to management. The term management is introduced to distinguish between politics as a whole and politics as a complex of administrative measures. Results and Discussion. The study of management methods in terms and concepts of political science reveals the structure of political subjects and their hierarchy. The fulfillment of the goal-setting function and the dependence of its implementation on the prevailing structure of policy subjects were tracked in the greatest detail. It is shown that the insufficient presence of scientific organizations in the system of political subjects leads to the focus of the goals of state programs on the state apparatus as executors and ...

This article attempts to reveal the contents of a relatively young concept of "scientiic diplomacy", which includes three dimensions (science in diplomacy, diplomacy for science, science for diplomacy), as well as to identify key practices of all three dimensions of science diplomacy. The author identiies key practices that illustrate the three dimensions of science diplomacy: development of recommendations to the international policy objectives (science in diplomacy); simpliication of the process of international scientiic cooperation (diplomacy for science); the use of scientiic alliances in order to improve international relations between countries (science for diplomacy). The author carries out a systematic analysis and gives a generalized description of their efectiveness and eiciency. The article analyzes the experience of the international cooperation of scientists through personal initiative and under the auspices of the National Science Foundation and other associations, such as the AAAS, GIS or LIGO. They have become a platform for studying the practices of the irst and second dimensions of science diplomacy – "science in diplomacy" and "diplomacy for science." Particular attention is paid to the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, which initiated the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Afairs, and, accordingly, the development of such a dimension as a "science for diplomacy". Date of scientists who are in the movement, make a signiicant contribution to the development of international scientiic cooperation and create conditions to improve the political climate. The author proposes as a landmark example of the third dimension of science diplomacy consider the Union of Concerned Scientists – Union of Concerned Scientists, which was founded in 1969 by faculty and students at MIT. Also, special attention is paid to the periodization of the development of science diplomacy, as the author concludes that it was after World War II, when scientists themselves have become actively involved in the resolution of ...

The phenomenon of exceptional (to the extent of chaos) conceptual and terminological diversity is currently observed in the research of S&T development and in the practice of public administration of science and technology in the Russian Federation. It has the most strong and negative impact at the federal level as it appears in the strategic planning documents, which sum up and put into action the governmental science and technology policy (in terms of goal setting, forecasting, planning and programming the socio-economic development and national security). The article seeks to comprehend and explain the root cause of this conceptual and terminological diversity, that lie, in the author's opinion, in the excessive decentralization and weak public administration of the S&T development in the country. In the face of new global challenges and threats the leading role of the state in S&T development should be drastically increased. The article outlines juridical principles of the Russian S&T modernization at the current stage of development.

This article provides an overview of the main Internet-sites for scientiic vacancies. The scientiic labor market is analyzed on the basis of data from the internet portal "ученые-исследователи.рф". It is revealed that the distribution of vacancies on the portal in diferent areas of science is uneven, most of the vacancies posted on the site are SMET vacancies (Science, Math, Engineering and Technology), there are much fewer vacancies for scientists of the humanitarian proile. The geographical distribution of vacancies is also uneven (with Moscow and Moscow region leading by a large margin). The absolute majority of employers' organizations registered on the portal are government agencies, mostly organizations subordinate to FANO. Average salaries are extremely low, lower than average income by region. Abroad, journals like Science and Nature both have big Internetsites for scientiic vacancies. Placement of announcements about scientiic vacancies on these sites is a paid service. Science is more focused on the American market, while Nature is more international. In any case, both sites have a more extensive geographical coverage in comparison with the site "ученые-исследователи.рф". Moreover, a signiicant part of employers on these sites are private universities commercial enterprises. The average salary for vacancies posted on these sites is much higher than for vacancies on the site "ученые-исследователи.рф". It is concluded that if the government of the Russian Federation wants to use the internet portal "ученые-исследователи.рф" as a tool to boost academic mobility in Russia, increase in salary in Russian universities and institutes is necessary, as well as a real representation of these salaries in job descriptions on the website. ; For citation: Malahov VA. The science labor market in Russia and abroad (based on the largest science job portals). Science. Innovation. Education. 2018;4(30): 120–132.

The scientiic and technological (S&T) development of the Russian Federation is one of the government top priorities. In the context of globalization, a clear image of the country's global S&T ranking can be helpful for decision making in science policy. The paper analyzes the main international statistical data banks which allow for cross-country comparisons of S&T capabilities and reviews various international rankings, including special innovation indices and rankings based on science and technology indicators, which provide opportunity to locate position of Russia in the global S&T and innovation landscape. The study is based on data from the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), UNESCO, international rankings relecting the countries' readiness for a knowledge-based economy: the Global Innovation Index, the Bloomberg Innovation Index, The IMD World Competitiveness, The Global Talent Competitiveness Index, the Networked Readiness Index. The article focuses on analysis of Russia's positions in international science, technology and innovation rankings. The discussion ends with the conclusion that despite rather high R&D expenditures and quality of human capital, R&D efectiveness and impact of S&T on the Russian economy are estimated as rather low.

Modern economic science studies the behavior of an individual making choice in conditions of limited resources, and seeking to satisfy his own interests as a result of this choice. Economics is a social science as it studies the behavior of an individual which involves the interests of other people and communities. Economics is close to natural sciences as it considers the behavior of an individual in a material world of limited resources. Besides, a human being may be considered as a material system in which there are certain biological processes influencing its behavior. The question of how fully can economics use methodological assumptions of natural sciences, is sharply debatable. The author's position is that the cooperation between economics and natural sciences has both objective grounds and objective problems. In any case, economics is not a natural science, and the natural sciences shouldn't have a priority in this dialogue. It is only a new stage in self-reflection of different sciences. The importance of this research is defined by the need of studying the scientific status of economics and the prospects of its development in terms of the subject and methodology.

The change in the relationship between the state and science is clearly manifested at the present time (we are talking about a slowdown in the growth of funding and a change in its principles, precarious employment in science, the prevalence of technoscience, etc.). After presenting the most characteristic features, the article discusses what these changes are related to and how objective they are. Based on the analysis of statistical data and strategic documents of a number of states, the reasons for the ongoing transformation are revealed. It is emphasized that its risks have been presented in many futuristic concepts representing scenarios for the development of society (from the knowledge society to transhumanism), but have not received due attention. It is concluded that we are witnessing a transition from the classical model of the relationship between science and the state, which emerged during the scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century, to a new model characterized primarily by the expansion of the number of stakeholders, the creation of new forms of innovative research organization, networking and internationalization of scientific research, new techniques for evaluating and stimulating scientific activity, expertise of scientific projects, including public.

The paper examines the conventionalism that arose within the framework of the second positivism in European philosophy at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries, in connection with Russian science and philosophy. Despite its being popular and developed mainly in Western philosophy, we demonstrate that its ideas were also reflected in Russian culture. Moreover, we argue that it was the achievements of Russian mathematicians that influenced the emergence of this direction in European philosophy. To determine the place of conventionalism in Russian culture, the works of such scientists, philosophers and historians of science as A. Poincaré, N.V. Efimov, G.V. Florovsky, P.S. Yushkevich and others were used. The article also provides an overview of their main works and ideas. The analysis also deals with the influence of ideological and political factors on the development of philosophy in the XX century in Russia and the USSR. It is shown that the achievements of Russian mathematicians had a significant influence on the emergence of conventionalism, and the ideas of conventionalism, in turn, were reflected in the concepts of Russian thinkers concerning the philosophy of science and the philosophy of history. Thus, N.I. Lobachevsky can be called a harbinger of mathematical conventionalism, some ideas of P.S. Yushkevich and A.A. Bogdanov can be referred to natural-scientific conventionalism, and some ideas of G.V. Florovsky can be called historical conventionalism. We conclude that Russian science, firstly, was one of the reasons for the emergence of conventionalism in Europe, and secondly, Russian philosophy adopted and applied some of its ideas, in particular, concerning the impossibility of complete knowledge of the world or the relativity of ways of expressing truth, which remain relevant today.

The article is devoted to analysis of new Marxism as a key methodological
trends of political science research. Historical events of the last century and the
ensuing updated the creative legacy of Marx and contributed to its reconsideration,
which was the enrichment of political science, development of methodology in its area
schools and trends, developing ideas known German scientist.

The article contains a brief analysis of the difficulties and problems of the development of the sociology of sports abroad and in our country. The article considers the situation with certain measures to displace applied profile sociology undertaken in some Russian physical culture and sports universities in the modern period. As a possible explanation of the reasons for the unfavorable policy regarding the sociology of physical culture and sports and, nevertheless, to prove the prospects of including applied concrete sociological research in the organization of educational and research practice in the field of physical culture and sports in Russia, the materials of the plenary report at the International Congress dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the RSUPESY&T (Russian state university of physical education, sport, youth and tourism) are positioned. The text of the article contains references to the fundamental works performed by teachers, undergraduates and applicants of the Department of Philosophy and Sociology of this university over the past 10 years, which formed the basis of this report. The references show the problems facing modern profile science, as well as the results of specific sociological research (CSI) on this issue. In addition, some of the sports-specific areas of the department's work with the use of CSI are briefly reflected.

The paper discusses the prospects for connecting the universities to use Mega- Science research facilities as an important tool for the integration of world level science and education. The need for such integration of leading universities with research organizations was noted in the RF Government Decision of 19 June 2015 on the results of the joint meeting of the boards of trustees of the Southern and Siberian Federal University. ; Описаны перспективы подключения вузов к использованию научно-исследовательских установок мега-класса, которые являются важнейшим инструментом интеграции науки и образования мирового уровня. Необходимость подобной интеграции ведущих университетов с научными организациями была отмечена в решении Правительства Российской Федерации 19 июня 2015 г. по итогам совместного заседания попечительских советов Южного и Сибирского федеральных университетов.

The article, which is addressed to a wide range of readers, but first of all to University teachers, graduate students and students, outlines a wide range of views on the institution of the state of social scientists of different times and peoples: from ancient thinkers to modern authorities. Discussion of the latest trends in the development of this Institute in the late twentieth and first decades of the XXI century is the subject of the author's research. The article analyzes the futurist ideas about the state related to forecasts of the progress of information technologies, as well as ideas about the dynamics of relations between state power and society. Special sections of the article are devoted to: the evolutionary concept of the state; the challenges that States face in the context of the next technological (fourth industrial) revolution; the discourse on the discrepancy between formal and real citizenship as the reverse side of the extraterritoriality of the state.

The paper is devoted to the interaction between science and religion in the theory of famous british philosopher of science Michael Polanyi. There is an analysis of relations between scientific and religious beliefs. According to Polanyi the religious cult provides a man with euristic vision of reality. Polanyi had a great impact into "untraditional" conception of truth.

The article analyzes the federal legislation for science, technology and innovation in 2017. The author examines three federal laws among the accepted in 2017 federal laws in the field of science, technology and innovation and analyzes the main provisions of the draft federal law developed by the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation. In addition, the paper makes some proposals for improving the legislation for science and innovation to provide the technological unity of the scientific, and innovative activities. In particular, it is proposed to clarify the objectives of the legislation in the sphere of science and innovation, to fill in the gaps, to resolve the declarative nature of certain legal rules, to improve mechanisms of their implementation, to clarify and expand the conceptual apparatus of innovation, including its harmonization with the conceptual apparatus of developed countries and international standards of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Eurasian Economic Union. Considerable attention is paid to the issues of improving the legal status of the actors in the sphere of science, technology and innovation, developing organizational and economic mechanism of the government science, technology and innovation policy formation and realization. These issues are especially important for the purposes of preserving and further increase of the scientific and technological potential of the country, progressive development of science, implementation of the full innovation cycle «research – design – development – production – distribution of innovative products», as well as creating the legal framework to implement the Strategy for the scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation.