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"Über die Ressortforschung ist nur wenig bekannt, selbst in der Wissenschaft. Für diese Einrichtungen gilt als charakteristisch, dass sie 'auf politischen Beschluss' (Lundgreen) forschen und sie als 'staatliche Behörden' geführt werden. Davon wird hergeleitet, dass sie sowohl zum wissenschaftlichen als auch zum staatlichen Feld gehören, woraus 'strukturelle Probleme' resultieren. Zur Überprüfung dieser Grundannahme wird in dem Paper eine relationale Analyse von drei Sichtweisen von 'guter Leistung' der Ressortforschung vorgenommen: aus ministerieller Sicht, aus der Sicht der Ressortforschung und aus der Sicht des wissenschaftlichen Feldes. Auf diese Weise sollen einerseits die Bewährungspunkte für 'gute Leistungen' und andererseits die Auffassungen von Staatsaufgaben und von wissenschaftlicher Expertise deutlich werden. Aus ministerieller Sicht hat sich die Ressortforschung dem Primat der Politik unterzuordnen. Wissenschaftlichkeit wird mehr oder weniger als Methode angesehen, um zu einer politisch belastbaren Expertise zu gelangen. Aus der Perspektive der Wissenschaft ist 'gute Forschung' die Voraussetzung für 'gute Leistung' der Ressortforschung, weil diese vorrangig wissenschaftlichen Kriterien Stand zu halten hat und deshalb auch keinen eigenständigen Forschungstypus repräsentiert. Die Ressortforschung selbst gibt als Bewährungspunkt die Umsetzung ihrer Ergebnisse in die (politische) Praxis an und leitet davon ihre Spezifik her." (Autorenreferat)

In diesem Artikel werden Kernzuschreibungen von Open Science und Citizen Science in der europäischen Wissenschaftspolitik analysiert und zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt. Beide Konzepte postulieren und forcieren eine zukünftige Öffnung von Wissenschaft – wobei die Open-Science-Politik vor allem auf den Prozess von Wissenschaft abhebt, während bei der Konzeptualisierung von Citizen Science die Akteure und ihre Interaktionen stärker im Vordergrund stehen. Beiden Ansätzen gemeinsam ist der Anspruch an einen transparenten Forschungsprozess und frei zugängliche Forschungsergebnisse. Es gibt Synergien, was die Einbindung von Bürgerinnen und Bürger sowie die Zugänglichkeit von Forschungsergebnissen und -prozessen angeht. Risiken bestehen, wenn Citizen Science lediglich instrumentalisiert wird, ohne Bürgerinnen und Bürgern eine echte Teilhabe zu ermöglichen. ; This article analyzes core attributes of the concepts of Open Science and Citizen Science in European science policy and relates them to one another. Both concepts postulate and advocate a future opening of science – with Open Science policy focusing on the research process and the conceptualization of Citizen Science placing more emphasis on the actors and their interactions. Both approaches claim transparency with regard to both the research process itself and its results. There are synergies in terms of the involvement of citizens and the accessibility of research results and processes. And there are risks when Citizen Science is merely instrumentalized without allowing for effective participation by citizens.

A lecture was presented by the author at the Democratic Opinion Forum on Health Teaching and Research, organ­ized by Mexico's National Health Institutes Coordinating Office, at National Cardiology Institute "Ignacio Chavez", where he presented a critical review of the conventional classification of basic and applied science, as well as his per­sonal view on health science teaching and research. Ac­cording to the author, "well-conducted science" is that "generating reality-checked knowledge" and "mis-conduct­ed science" is that "unproductive or producing 'just lies' and 'non-fundable'. To support his views, the author re­views utilitarian and pejorative definitions of science, as well as those of committed and pure science, useful and useless science, and practical and esoterical science, as synonyms of applied and basic science. He also asserts that, in Mexico, "this classification has been used in the past to justify feder­al funding cutbacks to basic science, allegedly because it is not targeted at solving 'national problems' or because it was not relevant to priorities set in a given six-year political administration period". Regarding health education and re­search, the author asserts that the current academic pro­grams are inefficient and ineffective; his proposal to tackle these problems is to carry out a solid scientific study, con­ducted by a multidisciplinary team of experts, "to design the scientific researcher curricula from recruitment of intelligent young people to retirement or death". Perfor­mance assessment of researchers would not be restricted to publication of papers, since "the quality of scientific work and contribution to the development of science is not reflected by the number of published papers". The English version of this paper is available at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html ; En el contexto de una intervención en el Foro de Consulta Democrática de la Coordinación de los Institutos Nacio­nales de Salud sobre Enseñanza e Investigación en Salud, realizado en el Instituto Nacional ...

This article analyzes core attributes of the concepts of Open Science and Citizen Science in European science policy and relates them to one another. Both concepts postulate and advocate a future opening of science – with Open Science policy focusing on the research process and the conceptualization of Citizen Science placing more emphasis on the actors and their interactions. Both approaches claim transparency with regard to both the research process itself and its results. There are synergies in terms of the involvement of citizens and the accessibility of research results and processes. And there are risks when Citizen Science is merely instrumentalized without allowing for effective participation by citizens.

This article analyzes the implementation process of the Ecuadorian science, technology and innovation policy (PCTI) within the framework of the beginning of the post-neoliberal period, which implied the strengthening of the State and the insertion of the paradigm of buen vivir. For this purpose, the novel elements in the definition of this policy under the framework of buen vivir are described as an introductory note. Then, the complex construction process of the explicit PCTI during these years is reviewed. Finally, the instruments implemented and their relationship with the definition of PCTI are analyzed. To this end, the concepts of explicit scientific policy and implicit scientific policy of Herrera [1] and the notion of scientific-technological paradigm of Velho [2] are used. The chosen approach is framed in the new institutionalism that understands the definition and implementation of the PCTI as the result of the strategic game of the actors involved in these processes. This case study uses investigation of historical archives, documentary analysis and in-depth interviews with relevant actors. It is found that the PCTI during these years was unstable, as there were several short-term policy documents, and that its implementation was far from the ambitious rhetoric and the major objectives, limited to two instruments: international postgraduate scholarships and financing of research and development projects.