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For close to a century, the field of community criminology has examined the causes and consequences of community crime and delinquency rates. Nevertheless, there is still a lot we do not know about the dynamics behind these connections. In this book, Ralph Taylor argues that obstacles to deepening our understanding of community/crime links arise in part because most scholars have overlooked four fundamental concerns: how conceptual frames depend on the geographic units and/or temporal units used; how to establish the meaning of theoretically central ecological empirical indicators; and how to think about the causes and consequences of non-random selection dynamics. The volume organizes these four conceptual challenges using a common meta-analytic framework. The framework pinpoints critical features of and gaps in current theories about communities and crime, connects these concerns to current debates in both criminology and the philosophy of social science, and sketches the types of theory testing needed in the future if we are to grow our understanding of the causes and consequences of community crime rates. Taylor explains that a common meta-theoretical frame provides a grammar for thinking critically about current theories and simultaneously allows presenting these four topics and their connections in a unified manner. The volume provides an orientation to current and past scholarship in this area by describing three distinct but related community crime sequences involving delinquents, adult offenders, and victims. These sequences highlight community justice dynamics thereby raising questions about frequently used crime indicators in this area of research. A groundbreaking work melding past scholarly practices in criminology with the field's current needs, Community Criminology is an essential work for criminologists

For close to a century, the field of community criminology has examined the causes and consequences of community crime and delinquency rates. Nevertheless, there is still a lot we do not know about the dynamics behind these connections. In this book, Ralph Taylor argues that obstacles to deepening our understanding of community/crime links arise in part because most scholars have overlooked four fundamental concerns: how conceptual frames depend on the geographic units and/or temporal units used; how to establish the meaning of theoretically central ecological empirical indicators; and how to think about the causes and consequences of non-random selection dynamics.

The volume organizes these four conceptual challenges using a common meta-analytic framework. The framework pinpoints critical features of and gaps in current theories about communities and crime, connects these concerns to current debates in both criminology and the philosophy of social science, and sketches the types of theory testing needed in the future if we are to grow our understanding of the causes and consequences of community crime rates. Taylor explains that a common meta-theoretical frame provides a grammar for thinking critically about current theories and simultaneously allows presenting these four topics and their connections in a unified manner. The volume provides an orientation to current and past scholarship in this area by describing three distinct but related community crime sequences involving delinquents, adult offenders, and victims. These sequences highlight community justice dynamics thereby raising questions about frequently used crime indicators in this area of research. A groundbreaking work melding past scholarly practices in criminology with the field's current needs, Community Criminology is an essential work for criminologists.

This paper introduces bias-corrected estimators for nonlinear panel data models with both time invariant and time varying heterogeneity. These include limited dependent variable models with both unobserved individual effects and endogenous explanatory variables, and sample selection models with unobserved individual effects. Our two-step approach first estimates the reduced form by fixed effects procedures to obtain estimates of the time variant heterogeneity underlying the endogeneity/selection bias. We then estimate the primary equation by fixed effects including an appropriately constructed control function from the reduced form estimates as an additional explanatory variable. The fixed effects approach in this second step captures the time invariant heterogeneity while the control function accounts for the time varying heterogeneity. Since either or both steps might employ nonlinear fixed effects procedures it is necessary to bias adjust the estimates due to the incidental parameters problem. This problem is exacerbated by the two step nature of the procedure. As these two step approaches are not covered in the existing literature we derive the appropriate correction thereby extending the use of large-T bias adjustments to an important class of models. Simulation evidence indicates our approach works well in finite samples and an empirical example illustrates the applicability of our estimator.

1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is Selectivity? -- 1.2 The aims and accomplishments of Selectivity -- References -- 2 Three principles that control selectivity -- 3 Steps in the correlation of structure with biological activity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The first correlations -- 3.3 The concept of 'receptors' -- 3.4 The receptor as an enzyme or permease -- 3.5 The receptor as a nucleic acid -- 3.6 The receptor as a coenzyme, or other small molecule -- 3.7 Other aspects of receptors -- 3.8 Targets that are not necessarily receptors -- 3.9 Regression analysis -- 3.10 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Favourable differences in distribution: the first principle of selectivity -- 4.1 Some examples -- 4.2 Qualitative aspects of distribution -- 4.3 Quantitative aspects of distribution -- 4.4 The permeability of natural membranes -- 4.5 Metabolic change leading to activation -- 4.6 Metabolic change leading to inactivation -- 4.7 Synergism and antagonism -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Favourable differences in biochemistry: the second principle of selectivity -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Analogous enzymes -- 5.3 More analogous enzymes: the dihydrofolate reductases -- 5.4 Absence of enzymes from one of the species I. The sulphonamides and organophosphates -- 5.5 Absence of enzymes. II Further examples -- 5.6 Metabolite analogues (mostly antagonists) -- 5.7 Other utilizable biochemical differences -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Favourable differences in cell structure: the third principle of selectivity -- References -- 7 Acquired resistance to drugs: the loss of selectivity.

Corrections looks at the correctional system and offers arguments for and against the practice of the laws and policies that comprise corrections, from parole and probation to imprisonment, to the application of the death penalty. The 20 included chapters, written by eminent scholars and experts in the fields of criminology, police science, law, sociology, psychology, and other disciplines, take on such contested topics as what the goals of the correctional system should be (deterrence, rehabilitation, retribution, or something else?) and how they should be achieved; who should make these dec