Suchergebnisse

Vijeće ministara Europske unije u svojoj rezoluciji (2004) definira profesionalno usmjeravanje kaoskup aktivnosti koje pojedincima omogućavaju identificirati vlastite mogućnosti, kompetencije iinterese u različito doba života kako bi donijeli odluke o obrazovanju, osposobljavanju te kakobi efikasnije mogli upravljati vlastitom profesionalnom karijerom. Profesionalno usmjeravanjenamijenjeno je pojedincima u svim fazama njihova života te obrazovnih i radnih prijelaza. Onoje uvijek pratilo i prilagođavalo se promjenama koje se događaju u društvu. U svojoj teoriji,Parson (1909) kaže da pojedinac prilikom odabira zanimanja mora poznavati sebe, rad te bitisposoban dovesti ta dva elementa u međusobni odnos kako bi postigao sklad, a za to mu jepotrebna pomoć stručnjaka. Uslijed gospodarskih, tehnoloških i inih promjena koje se događajuu društvu, pojedinac je u prilici i potrebi više puta tijekom života odabrati zanimanje, posao iličak novu karijeru pri čemu mu je nužno osigurati potporu i mogućnost usluga profesionalnogusmjeravanja. U većini zemalja Europe razvijeni su sustavi pružanja podrške pojedincima tijekomtranzicije, stoga je cilj ovog članka prikazati modele profesionalnog usmjeravanja odraslih uHrvatskoj, Austriji i Finskoj. Navedenim zemljama zajedničko je da usluge profesionalnogusmjeravanja odraslih nude javni servisi za zapošljavanje te obrazovne institucije. Za razlikuod Hrvatske i Austrije, u Finskoj postoji sustav formalnog obrazovanja za savjetnika o karijeri. ; Council of Ministers of European Union (2004) defines professional guidance as set of activitiesthat enable individuals to identify their own opportunities, competencies and interests duringdifferent life periods to make decisions about education, training and to more efficiently managetheir own career. Professional guidance is intended for individuals regardless of their current lifeperiod, education level or job. Professional guidance has always followed and been adjusted tosocial changes. In his theory, Parson (1909) highlights importance of knowing oneself and workwhen selecting a career and that individual needs to be capable of joining those two elements in arelationship to achieve harmony – for that reason individual might need a professional assistance.Due to economic, tehnological and other changes people will more often be in a position tochange their profession, job or even a career path. For that reason it is necessary for them to havesupport and opportunity for professional guidance services. In most of European countries thereare developed systems of professional guidance, therefore the aim of this article was to presentmodels of professional guidance in Croatia, Austria and Finland. What mentioned countries havein common is that vocational guidance services for adults are offered within public employmentservices and education institutions. In contrast to the Croatia and Austria, Finland has a formalsystem of education for career counselours.

Rad prikazuje istraživanje koje je imalo za cilj utvrditi dostupnost socijalnih prava i usluga za obitelji u općinama u ruralnim područjima Hrvatske. Specifično su postavljena tri problema istraživanja: 1) utvrditi dostupnost određenih socijalna prava i usluga za obitelji, 2) utvrditi postoje li razlike u dostupnosti s obzirom na regionalnu pripadnost i razvojna obilježja općine te 3) utvrditi postoje li razlike u standardima kvalitete socijalnih prava i usluga s obzirom na regionalnu pripadnost općine i razvojna obilježja općine. Podaci su prikupljeni web anketom s predstavnicima 215 općina. Obiteljima su u većoj mjeri dostupna socijalna prava u odnosu na socijalne usluge. U najvećoj mjeri razvijena su prava i usluge koje promovira središnja državna vlast. Općine u panonskoj regiji kao najslabije razvijenoj imaju najviše dostupna socijalna prava, a najmanje dostupne socijalne usluge. Prava i usluge su dostupnije u općinama koje su bliže središtima županija. Što se tiče standarda kvalitete socijalnih prava i usluga, stanovništvo je zadovoljavajuće informirano i uključeno u planiranje, dok je slabije razvijeno korištenje EU fondova i uključenost civilnog društva. ; The paper presents a research on the availability of social rights and services for families in the municipalities in rural areas of Croatia. Specifically, three research questions were raised: 1) to determine the availability of certain social rights and services for families, 2) to determine whether there are differences in accessibility with regard to regional affiliation and developmental characteristics of the municipality, and 3) to determine whether there are differences in the quality standards of social rights and services given the regional affiliation and the developmental characteristics of the municipality. Data were collected through a web survey with representatives of 215 municipalities. Social rights are more available to families than social services. The most available rights and services are those promoted by the central government. Municipalities in the Pannonian region, as the least developed ones, have the most available social rights and the least available social services. Rights and services are more available in municipalities closer to the county centers. As regards the quality standards of social rights and services, the population is sufficiently informed and involved in planning, while the use of EU funds and civil society involvement are less developed.

Cilj je rada istražiti što su osnovni kriteriji pri odabiru sugovornika u TV prilozima o bosanskohercegovačkome postizbornom procesu u središnjim informativnim emisijama javnih RTV servisa u BiH. S obzirom na jasna pravila o zastupljenosti kandidata i stranaka tijekom izborne kampanje, mediji nakon izbora imaju znatno veću slobodu u načinu obrade informacija i tema, stoga je u ovome radu izabrano to razdoblje. Osim toga, u BiH kao složenoj državi s kompliciranim izbornim sustavom i zbog izbora izaslanika u domove naroda, a koji se odvijaju nakon izbora, postizborni proces ima značajniju ulogu u konstituiranju vlasti u odnosu na druge europske države. Zato je važno istražiti kako mediji izvještavaju o tome. U prvome dijelu rada iznosi se teorijski okvir u vezi s podjednakim tretmanom osoba. Upravo su tu mogući brojni oblici pristranosti, a sugovornici čiji su stavovi sinkronizirani s redakcijskom politikom nazivaju se "oportuni svjedoci". Drugi dio rada odnosi se na raspravu o rezultatima istraživanja apsolutne i relativne zastupljenosti sugovornika glede stranačke ili institucionalne pripadnosti; zastupljenosti analitičara te njihova neutralnoga stava ili pak preferiranja stranačkih politika te načina provedbe pravila druge strane u TV prilozima o postizbornom procesu. Uzorak su središnje informativne emisije dnevnik na trima javnim radiotelevizijskim servisima u BiH: BHRT, RTVFBiH i RTRS u razdoblju od 8. listopada do 8. studenoga 2018. g. Rezultati će pokazati stupanj (ne)pristranosti pri odabiru sugovornika u programima javnih RTV servisa. ; This paper aims to explore the basic criteria for selection of interlocutors in TV news packages on Bosnia and Herzegovina's post-election process in the central information programs of public broadcasting services in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Having clear rules on the representation of candidates and parties during the election campaign, after the elections, media have more freedom in the way of processing the information and topics. Therefore, this period is chosen for the analysis. Besides, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a complex state with a complicated electoral system. The delegates for House of Peoples are elected after the election. Therefore, the post-election process has a more significant role in authority constitution than in other European countries and it is important to research the media reports on this process. The first part of the paper presents the theoretical framework related to the equal treatment of people. There is a possibility for many forms of bias, and interlocutors whose attitudes are synchronized with the editorial policy are called "opportunistic witnesses". The second part of the paper deals with the discussion on the research results. The results refer to the absolute and relative representation of the interlocutors' party or institutional affiliation; the representation of analysts and their positions. They can be neutral or prefer certain party policies. Also, it is about the means of implementing the rules of the other side in the TV news packages on the post-election process. The central news program Dnevnik in three different public broadcasting services in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BHRT, RTVFBiH and RTVRS) is taken as a sample in the period from the October 8 to November 8, 2018. The results show the degree of bias in the selection of interlocutors in public broadcasting service programs.

U radu se razmatra koncept kombinirane socijalne politike, u kontekstu potencijala koje koncept otvara u području službi podrške za osobe s invaliditetom. Definirajući koncepte kombinirane socijalne politike te socijalnog modela invaliditeta, analizira se međusobna povezanost i slična vrijednosna utemeljenost oba koncepta. Primjena kombiniranog pristupa prema osobama s invaliditetom prema suvremenim načelima neodvojiva je od razvoja socijalnog kapitala lokalnih zajednica te primjena nije moguća bez uključivanja korisnika u procese odlučivanja i provođenja programa socijalnih usluga. Navode se dileme o budućnosti razvoja kombinirane socijalne politike te se kratko osvrće i na moguće trendove u daljnjem razvoju službi za osobe s invaliditetom. Potvrđuje se adekvatnost kombinirane socijalne politike kao prikladnog okvira za razvoj suvremenih službi podrške za osobe s invaliditetom. ; This paper considers the concept of welfare mix in the context of its potential in the field of services for people with disabilities. Through defining the concepts of welfare mix and social model of disability, the author analyses connections and similarities between these two concepts. Influences of welfare mix on operationalization of social model of disability are being analysed. Application of welfare mix towards people with disabilities is inseparable from the development of social capital of local communities. Also, the application of welfare mix in the sense of a social model of disability is unthinkable without models of including service users in the process of decision making about delivering programs of social services. Finally, there are certain dilemmas about the future development of welfare mix which are being reviewed in the context of disability groups. The author concludes by confirming welfare mix to be an adequate framework for developing modern services for people with disabilities.

Visoko obrazovanje važan je segment pripreme za tržište rada svih studenata koji upisujući pojedini fakultet žele steći potrebnu edukaciju za rad u odabranom području. Zemlje Europske Unije, pa tako i Hrvatska, ulažu u razvoj visokog obrazovanja kroz različite operativne programe koji pridonose dostupnosti obrazovanja za sve kategorije građana. Otvorenost visokog obrazovanja svakom članu društva temelj je inkluzivne obrazovne politike Europske Unije. Obrazovne politike postaju područje interesa cijele europske zajednice jer se društvo znanja vidi kao temelj gospodarske konkurentnosti Europe na globalnom tržištu. Cilj je rada ispitati kako stručnjaci koji rade u službama podrške za studente s invaliditetom doživljavaju poštovanje prava na visoko obrazovanje studenata s invaliditetom na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu. Riječ je o kvalitativnom istraživanju provedenom u 2019. godini putem polustrukturiranih intervjua, dok su podaci obrađeni primjenom tematske analize. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 10 stručnjaka koji rade u službama podrške za studente s invaliditetom na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu. Rezultati ukazuju na pozitivne primjere poštovanja prava na visoko obrazovanje, ali identificiraju i postojeće slabe točke koje je potrebno unaprijediti u skladu sa suvremenim postavkama inkluzivnog europskog društva. Promjene u budućnosti potrebne su u područjima standardizacije asistencije i prijevoza, prilagodbe infrastrukture, redovite edukacije nastavnog osoblja, senzibilizacije studenata te u razvoju ljudskih resursa u uredima za studente s invaliditetom. ; Higher education plays a pivotal role in preparing students for the labour market by providing education at the university level required for work in the chosen field. The EU member states, including Croatia, invest in higher education through different operational programmes to increase access to education for all citizens. Equal access to higher education for all is at the core of EU education policies for inclusion. Moreover, the education policy importance rises on the European agenda as the concept of knowledge society becomes central to European competitiveness on the global market. This paper aimed to examine how professionals employed by support services for students with disabilities perceive the respect of the right to higher education for students with disabilities at the University of Zagreb. The paper is based on qualitative research from 2019, which involved semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis of data. The research included 10 professionals employed by the support services for students with disabilities at the University of Zagreb. Although the results indicated certain good practice examples of respecting the right to higher education, they also pointed out the challenges that ought to be addressed in line with contemporary inclusive practices in Europe. In the future, improvements are recommended in the following areas: standardising assistance and transportation, adapting infrastructure, continuing training of the teaching staff, raising student awareness and human resource development at the Office for Students with Disabilities.

This article examines participation in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) in Kosovo based on a recent survey and administrative data. Kosovo's ECEC policy aims to provide education and care for children aged 0 to 6 through an approach consisting of highly targeted public services for more vulnerable social groups, while expecting the rest to rely on the market or the family. It also provides a universal, public (2.5 hours a day) school preparatory programme for children aged 5-6 years. Availability of ECEC services has been rising, but remains well below the levels of the countries in the region. New services are increasingly coming through a market-based provision which leaves large social groups such as low-income families, rural families, parents with lower educational status and other socio-economically disadvantaged parents worse off. Since ECEC is considered highly relevant for children's personal development and success in school, as well as for female participation in the labour market, the findings suggest that the current policy contributes towards cementing and furthering social and gender inequalities in the long run. In the absence of more comprehensive public services and other supportive family policy measures, Kosovo maintains a strong implicit familialistic policy with a weak potential to contribute to women's employment. ; Rad analizira participaciju u ranom i predškolskom odgoju i obrazovanju (Early Childhood Education and Care – ECEC) na Kosovu na temelju nedavnog istraživanja i administrativnih podataka. Politika ranog i predškolskog odgoja i obrazovanja na Kosovu nastoji osigurati odgoj i obrazovanje za djecu u dobi od 0-6 godina pristupom koji sadrži izrazito ciljane javne usluge za ranjivije socijalne grupe, te očekuje da se ostali oslanjaju na tržište ili na obitelj. Osiguran je opći i javni predškolski program za djecu u dobi od 5-6 godina u (2,5 sata dnevno). Dostupnost usluga ranog i predškolskog odgoja i obrazovanja se povećava, no i dalje ostaje znatno ispod razina drugih zemalja u regiji. Nove usluge sve su u većem broju tržišne zbog čega su velike socijalne skupine, poput obitelji s niskim primanjima, ruralnih obitelji, roditelja s niskim obrazovnim statusom i drugih roditelja nižeg socio-ekonomskog statusa, u još nepovoljnijem položaju. Kako se rani i predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje smatraju izuzetno bitnim za osobni razvoj djeteta i uspjeh u školi, kao i za sudjelovanje žena na tržištu rada, rezultati pokazuju da sadašnja politika doprinosi jačanju i produbljivanju socijalnih i rodnih nejednakosti u dugoročnom pogledu. U izostanku sveobuhvatnijih javnih usluga i drugih mjera za podršku obiteljima, Kosovo održava snažnu implicitnu familijalističku politiku sa slabim potencijalom da pridonese zapošljavanju žena.

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is one of the World Trade Organisation's most important agreements. This accord is the first & only set of multilateral rules covering international trade in services. It is a framework for international trade in services & a legal basis for resolving conflicting national interests. For the past two decades, trade in services has grown faster than merchandise trade. Currently, they represent more than two thirds of the World Gross Domestic Product. As the term services covers a wide range of intangible & heterogeneous products & activities, there has been an increasing demand for detailed, relevant & internationally comparable statistical information on trade in services. In the last ten years, the share of transportation services in international trade in commercial services was steady & amounted to about one quarter. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

The author analyses the role of services in the international market. Services sector has significant influence on economic growth & efficiency. Share of services in the world market is in contrast with the great role they play in the domestic market. Because of their intangible nature, trade in services is subject to larger limitations than trade in goods. Insufficient data or incomparable data on international trade in services makes this sector hard to analyze. Brought together to solve those problems, a few international organizations have made a Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services. This & many others are ongoing efforts to set internationally comparable data for future analysis. Tables, Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

Ontologija otvorene vlade predstavljena u ovom radu je sveobuhvatna ontologija koja za cilj ima modeliranje širokog opsega servisa otvorene vlade. Semantički model otvorene vlade daje mogućnost za integraciju s drugim semantičkim i informatičkim modelima te omogućuje semantičko razmišljanje i pronalaženje resursa. Karakteristike otvorene vlade su transparentnost, sudjelovanje i suradnja. Glavne komponente otvorene vlade su otvorena arhitektura, otvoreni podaci i otvoreni standardi. Organizacijska struktura otvorene vlade sastoji se od unutarnjih vladinih organizacija, povezanih područja i otvorenih (e)vladinih servisa. Ontologija otvorene vlade se može koristiti kao semantičko spremište meta podataka za (e)vladine i otvorene (e)vladine servise. Primjenom formalnih metoda razmišljanja predložena ontologija omogućuje pronalaženje informacija o servisima otvorene (e)vlade i zaključivanje na osnovu prikupljenog znanja. Također, ontologija otvorene arhitekture se može koristiti kao informacijska arhitektura za stvaranje tih servisa, kao u slučaju Crnogorske semantičke naučne mreže. ; Open Government Ontology proposed in this paper is an extensive ontology aimed at modelling a wide range of Open Government services. Semantic model of the Open Government opens possibilities for the integration with other semantic and information models, and enables semantic reasoning and resource discovery. Characteristics of the Open Government are transparency, participation and collaboration. Main components of the Open Government are Open Architecture, Open Data and Open Standards. Organizational structure of the Open Government consists of the internal government organizations, associated domains and Open (e)Government services. Open Government Ontology can be used as a semantic meta-data repository for the (e)Government and Open (e)Government services. Using formal methods of reasoning with the proposed ontology we can search for information about Open (e)Government services and infer on gathered knowledge. Also Open Architecture Ontology can be used as Information Architecture framework for the creation of these services as was the case regarding Montenegrin Semantic Science Network.

Autor u radu na temelju dostupne arhivske građe i relevantne literature analizira metode djelovanja komunističkoga represivnog aparata u Narodnoj Republici / Socijalističkoj Republici Hrvatskoj protiv Katoličke crkve od 1951. do 1965. godine. U radu se prvi put navode brojčani podaci o suradnicima Udbe iz crkvenih redova te organizacija i pojedinaca usko povezanih s Katoličkom crkvom. ; After the establishment of communist rule in Yugoslavia and the elimination of all political opponents, the Catholic Church remained the only strong and well-organised institution in which the communists saw a possible opponent. This is why the communist authorities carried out a series of repressive and political measures in order to prevent its public activities and weaken its influence in society. Bishops and priests were assassinated or imprisoned, Church property was confiscated, religious publications and seminaries were banned, religious schools were closed and ordinands pressured to give up on studying for priestly vocations, a propaganda campaign was launched against the Church and its priests, priests were scrutinized (especially through clerical associations) and recruited as informants for the secret services, and a series of other measures was carried out with the goal of weakening the influence of the Church in society. The main operational role in the implementation of these measures was played by law enforcement services, primarily the State Security Administration and the other services of the Secretariat of the Interior as well as the Counterintelligence Service, which concerned itself mostly with ecclesiastical persons performing compulsory military service in the Yugoslav People's Army. These services' annual reports for Croatia from 1951 to 1965 and their analyses and studies, which only became available to the public in the Croatian State Archives in Zagreb in 2017, offer us insights into law enforcement's views on the conditions in the Catholic Church, their assessments of its 'hostile' activities, and the ways in which they planned their activities and carried out certain anti-Church measures. In addition, this paper is the first to present the actual numerical indicators of priests and other Church officials or persons closely connected to the work of the Church who were in various ways employed as a part of the collaborator networks of communist secret services in their activities regarding the Catholic Church in the stated period. It is important to highlight that the vast majority of these persons agreed to collaborate due to pressure or blackmail, for the most part failed to produce the results that the State Security Administration had expected of them, and were therefore often removed from the collaborator network. The State Security Administration benefited little from this network, and the fact that it failed to achieve its goals in its struggle against the Catholic Church confirms this.

Faza europeizacije hrvatske javne uprave započela je 2001. godine. Obuhvaća značajne promjene u središnjoj državnoj upravi, javnim službama (službama od općeg interesa), lokalnoj i regionalnoj samoupravi, službeničkom sustavu, upravnom obrazovanju, općem upravnom pravu te u sustavu pravne zaštite građana. U svim tim područjima razvijaju se značajni europski standardi, koji služe kao oslonac harmonizacije javnih uprava europskih zemalja. Europske standarde razvijaju Europska unija, Vijeće Europe, ali i same europske zemlje međusobnom razmjenom i učenjem. Reformama hrvatske uprave želi se ojačati upravne kapacitete, ostvarenje standarda dobrog europskog upravljanja i efektivni ulazak u zajednički europski upravni prostor. Europska je unija nametnula politiku i mehanizme kondicionalnosti te osigurala značajna financijska sredstva, projekte i stručnu potporu upravnim reformama u Hrvatskoj. Prilagodbe su u tijeku, a usprkos općenito dobrim rezultatima, ostaje značajni prostor za punu europeizaciju, u smislu postizanja odgovarajućih učinaka hrvatske javne uprave. ; Europeanization of the Croatian public administration formally started in 2001. This phase has encompassed important changes of the central state administration, services of general interest, local and regional self-government, civil service, administrative education and in-service training, general administrative law and system of legal protection of citizens. Reforms have been oriented towards strengthening administrative capacities, acquiring standards of good European governance, and effective entrance into common European Administrative Space. During that phase, till the Croatian accession, the European Union imposed conditionality policy and mechanisms, and ensured huge financial and expert support to the reforms. Reforms at the central level consisted of agencification, professionalisation and depoliticisation of the civil service, Europeanization of a significant part of sectoral public policies and strengthening openness and ethical standards. The purposes of reforms at the local and regional levels have been strengthening democratic legitimacy, reorientation towards economic development, and realisation of prerequisites for more efficient regional policy in line with European regional and structural policy. A new concept of services of general interest along with liberalisation, privatisation and commercialisation policy has been realised. Independent regulation of services of general economic interest and fostering better quality of non-economic services of general interest have been developed. Legal protection of citizens has been strengthened by introducing two-tier administrative justice and realisation of standards of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Council of Europe, parallel with some administrative simplification. The right to good administration, established by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, has attracted increased attention. Certain steps towards quality modern education for key administrative personnel have been made.

Teacher education at both pre-service and in-service levels is a crucial factor in terms of developing democratic schools. Pre-service education is the first step in the professional development of teachers. Perhaps democratic education should commence at this stage. For this reason it is important to know pre-service teachers' opinions about democratic education and the characteristics of democratic schools. This study aims to investigate pre-service primary teachers' perceptions about democratic education and the main characteristics of democratic schools. The study was designed within basic qualitative research approach. The study group consists of six primary pre-service teachers who attend the 4th year of teacher education programme at a faculty of education. A semi-structured interview form was used for data gathering. Data were analysed using the "content analysis" method. The findings of the study illustrate that pre-service teachers conceptualize the term of democracy with different words based on their experiences; what is more, pre-service teachers have not fully internalized the concept of democracy. The results of the study show that according to pre-service teachers, democracy education can be realized through thematic learning and hands-on activities. It is recommended that policy makers should be aware of the atmosphere of democratic schools and that a curriculum should be designed thematically, which includes democracy in all attainment targets. ; Obrazovanje učitelja na razini osposobljavanja budućih učitelja i na razini usavršavanja zaposlenih učitelja ključan je faktor za razvoj demokratskih škola. Obrazovanje budućih učitelja prvi je korak u profesionalnom razvoju učitelja. Stoga bi možda i demokratsko obrazovanje trebalo započeti na toj razini. Upravo je zbog toga važno znati kakva stajališta imaju budući učitelji o demokratskom obrazovanju i o karakteristikama demokratskih škola. Cilj ovoga istraživanja jest proučiti percepciju budućih učitelja primarnoga obrazovanja o demokratskom obrazovanju i o osnovnim karakteristikama demokratskih škola. Istraživanje je oblikovano u okviru kvalitativnoga pristupa istraživanju. Skupina koja je sudjelovala u istraživanju sastojala se od šest budućih učitelja primarnoga obrazovanja koji su upisani u četvrtu godinu programa za obrazovanje učitelja na učiteljskom fakultetu. Za dobivanje podataka koristio se polustrukturirani intervju. Podatci su analizirani primjenom metode "analize sadržaja". Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da budući učitelji koncipiraju pojam demokracija različitim riječima i na osnovi njihovih iskustava; štoviše, budući učitelji nisu u potpunosti usvojili pojam demokracija. Nadalje, prema stavovima budućih učitelja, demokratsko obrazovanje može se ostvariti putem tematskog i praktičnog učenja. Savjetuje se da tvorci obrazovne politike budu u potpunosti osviješteni o atmosferi demokratskih škola te da se kurikul tematski osmišljava, što uključuje demokratičnost na svim razinama postignuća.

The unstoppable advance of technology has brought about major changes at the socio-economic level that affect, among other things, the developments & the changes in the media industry. Technological advances have enabled the emergence of a new multimedia environment that has wiped out the traditional boundaries between telecommunications, audiovisual industry & informatics. These advances have been most propitious for the media pluralism & diversity. Due to the interactivity they enable, the individual is no longer a passive user of the media content. Owing to the accelerated process of the production of contents & services, the media market has become strikingly competitive, & the increasing selection of specialized contents has fragmented audiences, causing a drop in the revenues from advertising. These changes have left their mark both on the commercial media & the public service whose choice of programs has conspicuously changed, while the drop in the size of audiences brings into doubt the legitimacy of the compulsory subscription fee & consequently the financial health ie., survival of this public service. The public broadcasting service is faced with a more pronounced identity crisis. Its future can be secured only if it is redefined or restructured & if a new, convergent, multimedia, interactive public service enables citizens to access a broad range of information, knowledge & entertainment. References. Adapted from the source document.

Due to an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases, medication use and their cost is rising rapidly. This scenario render chronic patients at an increased risk of experiencing drug therapy problems, subsequently leading to unfavourable clinical and economic outcomes. Thus, to ensure patients' optimal medication use and improve their clinical outcomes, a comprehensive and systematic management of medications is deemed crucial. Hence, Comprehensive Medication Management (CMM) services offered by trained pharmacists can fill this gap by decreasing the unnecessary and often harmful use of medicines and consequent resulting complications. Collaborative practice between pharmacists and gen- eral practitioners, together with patients' active participation in the definition of treatment regimens, plays an important role in the effectiveness of CMM services. CMM services is defined as the standard of care that ensures each patient's medications (prescription, non-prescription, alternative, traditional, vitamins, or nutritional supplements) are individ- ually assessed to determine that each medication is appropriate for the patient, effective for the medical condition, safe given the comorbidities and other medications taken, and that the patient is able to take them as intended. It includes an individualized care plan that achieves the intended goals of therapy with appropriate follow-up to determine actual patient outcomes. Apart from the USA, several countries (e.g. Australia, Canada and Brazil) have managed to integrate CMM services into their existing health care system at the primary care level. However, in Europe, in spite of the widespread recog- nition of the need for medication management services, initiation and implementation of CMM services are lagging behind. Hence, for CMM services to become a reality in Europe and elsewhere, numerous prerequisites need to be accomplished, including policies and legal regulations supporting the provision of CMM services on a much larger scale, clearly defined and standardized professional practice and common language shared among the pharmacists, and well trained and experienced practitioners providing full-time, direct patient care. ; Zbog porasta prevalencije kroničnih bolesti, potrošnja lijekova ubrzano raste. Uslijed toga, kronični bolesnici su izloženi povećanom riziku pojave terapijskih problema što dovodi do nepovoljnih kliničkih i ekonomskih ishoda liječenja. Stoga se smatra da je sveobuhvatno i sustavno upravljanje farmakoterapijom ključno za osiguranje optimalne uporabe lijekova kao i za poboljšanje kliničkih ishoda liječenja. Sveobuhvatna usluga upravljanja farmakoterapijom (engl. Comprehensive Med- ication Management Services, CMM services) koju provode posebno educirani ljekarnici može ponuditi rješenje za ovaj problem, smanjujući nepotrebnu, a često i štetnu primjenu lijekova te njene posljedične komplikacije. Kolaborativna prak- sa ljekarnika i liječnika obiteljske medicine, koja uključuje i aktivno sudjelovanje pacijenata u kreiranju terapijskih režima, važan je čimbenik koji doprinosi učinkovitosti CMM usluge. CMM usluga se definira kao standard skrbi koji osigurava da se svakom pacijentu pojedinačno procjenjuju svi lijekovi (u receptnom ili bezreceptnom režimu, biljni, tradicionalni), vitamini ili dodaci prehrani koje uzima, kako bi se za svaki od njih utvrdilo je li prikladan za pacijenta, je li učinkovit za pacijentovo zdravstveno stanje, je li siguran s obzirom na komorbiditete i druge lijekove koje pacijent uzima, te je li pacijent sposoban i u mogućnosti uzimati lijekove kako treba. Usluga sadrži individualizirani plan skrbi kojim se postižu predviđeni ciljevi terapije kao i odgovarajuće praćenje (follow-up) kako bi se utvrdili stvarni ishodi liječenja. Pored SAD-a, nekoliko je drugih zemalja (Australija, Kanada i Brazil) uspjelo integrirati CMM uslugu u svoje postojeće sustave primarne zdravstvene zaštite. Međutim, u Europi, unatoč raširenosti spoznaje o potrebi za upravljanjem farmakoterapijom, razvoj i implementacija CMM usluge zaostaje. Kako bi se CMM usluge realizirale u Europi i ostalim zemljama, potrebno je ispuniti brojne preduvjete, uključujući donošenje politika i zakonskih propisa koji podržavaju pružanje CMM usluga u mnogo većem obimu, ostvarivanje jasno definirane i standardizirane profesionalne prakse i zajedničkog jezika ljekarnika, te stvaranje dobro educiranih i iskusnih ljekarnika koji u punom radnom vremenu pružaju izravnu skrb pacijentima.