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Title -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Preface -- Editorial -- Sex and gender in biomedicine: promises for women and men -- Gender issues in living organ donation: medical, social, and ethical aspects -- Sex, gender, and the brain - biological determinism versus socio-cultural constructivism -- The brain between sex and gender - women and men from a neuroscientific perspective -- Sex and gender in addiction research and therapy -- Contributors

Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Boxes -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Researching Gender and Health Care -- Introduction -- Different ways of looking at gender and health -- Measuring health - the problem -- Data sources -- Census data - the inclusion of the institutionalised population -- Overview of the book -- Part I Health Care in the Uk -- 2 A Historical Account -- Introduction -- Mothers in the spotlight -- The NHS - the increasing role of medicine in the lives of women -- Community care - an increasing burden for women -- Thatcherism - a retreat from universal health care -- A renewed NHS - empty promises or gender equity? -- Summary -- 3 An Empirical Overview -- Introduction -- Primary care -- Secondary care -- Mind or body? -- On the question of gender -- Summary -- Part II Stereotypes Fulfilled? -- 4 Gender and Physical Health -- Introduction -- Mortality rates - men die quicker? -- Morbidity rates - women are sicker? -- Sociological perspectives on gender differences in health -- Secondary care services - women replace men -- Gender differences in health service use - the importance of region -- Summary -- 5 Marriage is Good for Health -- Introduction -- Marriage and health - the debate -- Theoretical perspectives on marriage and health -- Gender, marriage and health -- Health service use - the benefits of marriage -- Marriage and health service use - are there gender differences? -- Gender and the health benefits of marriage - the importance of age -- Summary -- 6 Older Women are Most Vulnerable -- Introduction -- Health care needs of older people - the debate -- The impact of ageing on health -- A gendered service -- Independence versus care -- The mediating effect of age on independent living -- Health or social care? -- Summary.

Recognition of the influence of social and cultural factors in disease goes back to antiquity, though specification of the ways in which this influence is exerted still lacks pre cision. The effects of the social order on health and disease are many and varied. Social definitions determine the actions which persons and societies take in the face of given symptoms and disorders. Social practices may exert their effects di rectly on the organism and its physical capacities or may operate primarily through psychological processes which are linked to the maintenance of bodily equilibriums. In either instance, these effects tend to be nonspecific as to disease. Social status, variations in life styles, adaptation to new or stressful situations, work group structure, and family patterns have been found to be associated with differences in the in cidence of a variety of diseases. The intricacies of dealing with social factors in disease and the ramifications for the larger society are plainly seen in the case of smoking.

Recognition of the influence of soc & cultural factors in disease goes back to antiquity, though specification of the ways in which this influence is exerted still lacks precision. The effects of the soc order on health & disease are many & varied. Soc definitions determine the actions which persons & societies take in the face of given symptoms 9L disorders. Soc practices may exert their effects directly on the organism & its physical capacities or may operate priniarily through psychol'al processes which are linked to the maintenance of bodily equilibriums. In either instance, these effects tend to be nonspecific as to disease. SS, variations in life styles, adaptation to new or stressful situations work group structure, & fam patterns have been found to be associated with diff's in the incidence of a variety of diseases. The intricacies of dealing with soc factors in disease & the ramifications for the larger society are plainly seen in the case of smoking. AA.

1. Background -- 2. Gender-specific disease : descriptive analysis -- 3. Gender-specific disease : prescriptive analysis -- 4. Gender-specific disease : contextual analysis -- 5. An integrative approach to gender-specific disease -- 6. Rethinking gender-specific disease nomenclature and taxonomies -- 7. Toward an integrative bioethics -- 8. Integrative bioethics and assessing gender-specific disease -- 9. Implications for health care for men, children, and members of the LGBT communities -- 10. Some lessons and challenges -- 11. Concluding reflections.

Ethnic Factors in Health and Disease.