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The LGBT or sexual diversity movement in Nicaragua, which was repressed by the FSLN in the 1980s, is currently supported by that party. I argue that this change in the FSLN's policy responds to shifting international frames regarding sexuality and human rights as well as to efforts to separate the LGBT movement from its allies in the feminist movement, and efforts to incorporate the LGBT movement into the FSLN's clientelistic networks. Despite real gains for LGBT activists as a result of these new policies, ultimately the FSLN has offered sexual diversity activists far more in the area of culture than rights.

There is wide interest in understanding how genetic diversity is generated and maintained in parthenogenetic lineages, as it will help clarify the debate of the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction. There are three mechanisms that can be responsible for the generation of genetic diversity of parthenogenetic lineages: contagious parthenogenesis, repeated hybridization and microorganism infections (e.g. Wolbachia). Brine shrimps of the genus Artemia (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca) are a good model system to investigate evolutionary transitions between reproductive systems as they include sexual species and lineages of obligate parthenogenetic populations of different ploidy level, which often co-occur. Diploid parthenogenetic lineages produce occasional fully functional rare males, interspecific hybridization is known to occur, but the mechanisms of origin of asexual lineages are not completely understood. Here we sequenced and analysed fragments of one mitochondrial and two nuclear genes from an extensive set of populations of diploid parthenogenetic Artemia and sexual species from Central and East Asia to investigate the evolutionary origin of diploid parthenogenetic Artemia, and geographic origin of the parental taxa. Our results indicate that there are at least two, possibly three independent and recent maternal origins of parthenogenetic lineages, related to A. urmiana and Artemia sp. from Kazakhstan, but that the nuclear genes are very closely related in all the sexual species and parthenogegetic lineages except for A. sinica , who presumable took no part on the origin of diploid parthenogenetic strains. Our data cannot rule out either hybridization between any of the very closely related Asiatic sexual species or rare events of contagious parthenogenesis via rare males as the contributing mechanisms to the generation of genetic diversity in diploid parthenogenetic Artemia lineages. © 2013 Maccari et al. ; This study has been funded by the Plan Nacional CGL2008-03277 project to Francisco Amat, sponsored by Spanish Government MICIN. Africa Gomez was supported by a National Environment Research Council (NERC) Advanced Fellowship (NE/B501298/1). Marta Maccari was supported by a fellowship of the JAE Program from CSIC and European Social Fund. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; Peer Reviewed

As new forms of family and 'non-traditional' families grow in number, there is a need to understand these 'new' arrangements and models of parenthood. This ground-breaking book discusses, using a comparative and a sociological perspective, examples of the relationship between changing gender identities and processes of family formation in the Western experience. It aims to show that, in the 21st century, it is possible to form a family without sex, without children, without a shared home, without a partner, without a working husband, without a heterosexual orientation or without a biological' sexual body. 'Diversity in family life' will help readers discover and understand the characteristics, advantages and drawbacks of these new models of parenthood, and their political implications in terms of social movements, characteristics and demands

'Drawing on original research, this elegant and accomplished book offers a nuanced account of queer lives, communities and politics. Focusing on cultures, places and experiences oft-neglected within mainstream gay scholarship, this collection significantly advances understandings of the relationship between sexual diversity, home-making and exclusionary processes of belonging within the contemporary world.' - Davina Cooper, Professor of Law & Political Theory, University of Kent, UK

Este texto constituye un comentario al dossier "Ciudadanías y Sexualidades" presentado en el número 35 de esta revista. Este comentario se funda en una crítica a la noción de diversidad sexual, como noción liberal; modo en el que parece ser asumida por el conjunto de artículos compilados. Desde este enfoque los estudios sobre diversidad sexual no logran incorporar una discusión analítica y política de la desigualdad a la noción de diferencia. Desigualdad que problematiza las prácticas y sentidos de la ciudadanía. ; This text is a commentary on the dossier "Citizenships and Sexualities" presented in number 35 of this journal. The commentary is based on a critique of the notion of sexual diversity as a liberal notion, the focus that seems to have been adopted by the set of articles presented. From this point of view, studies on sexual diversity do not achieve incorporation of an analytic and political discussion of the inequality in the notion of difference, an inequality that problematizes practices and senses of citizenship.

Emerging adulthood presents a unique developmental milieu for sexual orientation and identity development. Over the past 10 years, a body of research has begun delineating contemporary emerging adults' understandings of their sexual orientation and processes of sexual identity development. This scholarship has increasingly recognized the complexity and multidimensional nature of sexual identity development among both heterosexual and sexual-minority individuals. This review covers current conceptualizations of sexual orientation and identity, traditional and contemporary models of sexual identity development, and recent empirical literature assessing developmental trajectories, consistency between and within dimensions of sexual orientation and identity, stability of these dimensions, and issues of sexual identity labeling and categorization. This scholarship suggests that increased attention to diversity within and between sexual identity groups is warranted but also reveals notable patterns and categories that should be considered as the field moves forward.

The purpose of this collection is to bring together representative examples of the most recent work that is taking an understanding of children and childhood in new directions. The two key overarching themes are diversity: social, economic, geographical, and cultural; and agency: the need to see children in industrial England as participants - even protagonists - in the process of historical change, not simply as passive recipients or victims. Contributors address such crucial subjects as the varied experience of work; poverty and apprenticeship; institutional care; the political voice of children; child sexual abuse; and children and education. This volume, therefore, includes some of the best, innovative work on the history of children and childhood currently being written by both younger and established scholars

International audience ; Globalisation has been challenging religion-based movements in many ways. The TIC (Technology of Information and Communication, e.g. internet, social networks), Biotechnology (e.g. GMO, cloning, human insemination) and Feminism combined with Transgender Movements (e.g. women's rights, sexual identity) have put into question traditional beliefs on religious authorities, religious teachings and religious roles in society. The reactions of religion-based movements to these challenges vary and may be classified into two groups: 'Communitarist' and 'Pluralist' Movements. On one side, the activists of the 'Communitarist Movement' believe that their community is the sole holder of the truth, that they hold a sacred duty to apply their belief to the whole world, and that the individual as well as the collective life of the community members is dedicated to community interests. There are two variants of this type of movement: the 'Radicalists' who choose a radical way to achieve their goal, including violence and terror. The other variant is the 'Gradualists' who choose a gradual way to achieve their goal, including social work, education and political parties. On the other side, the activists of the 'Pluralist Movement' believe that diversity (including religious diversity) is the nature of the living world, that maintaining diversity is a must for the survival and continuity of the living world, and that dialogue is the best way to resolve the conflicts among the different religious communities. There are two variants of the movement: the 'Tolerantist' and the 'Altruist.' The 'Tolerantist' activists accept the presence of others, but ultimately believe in their superiority over others. The 'Altruist' activists accept the presence of others, but also take the interest of others as a point of departure of their moral conduct. Where is the place of Muhammadiyah in those movements? This paper tries to answer this question.

International audience ; Globalisation has been challenging religion-based movements in many ways. The TIC (Technology of Information and Communication, e.g. internet, social networks), Biotechnology (e.g. GMO, cloning, human insemination) and Feminism combined with Transgender Movements (e.g. women's rights, sexual identity) have put into question traditional beliefs on religious authorities, religious teachings and religious roles in society. The reactions of religion-based movements to these challenges vary and may be classified into two groups: 'Communitarist' and 'Pluralist' Movements. On one side, the activists of the 'Communitarist Movement' believe that their community is the sole holder of the truth, that they hold a sacred duty to apply their belief to the whole world, and that the individual as well as the collective life of the community members is dedicated to community interests. There are two variants of this type of movement: the 'Radicalists' who choose a radical way to achieve their goal, including violence and terror. The other variant is the 'Gradualists' who choose a gradual way to achieve their goal, including social work, education and political parties. On the other side, the activists of the 'Pluralist Movement' believe that diversity (including religious diversity) is the nature of the living world, that maintaining diversity is a must for the survival and continuity of the living world, and that dialogue is the best way to resolve the conflicts among the different religious communities. There are two variants of the movement: the 'Tolerantist' and the 'Altruist.' The 'Tolerantist' activists accept the presence of others, but ultimately believe in their superiority over others. The 'Altruist' activists accept the presence of others, but also take the interest of others as a point of departure of their moral conduct. Where is the place of Muhammadiyah in those movements? This paper tries to answer this question.

Learn the changing role of sexuality in American life!This helpful book offers a solid background in the sociology of family life and personal sexuality. Marital and Sexual Lifestyles in the United States: Attitudes, Behaviors, and Relationships in Social Context is designed to give readers a broad view of the diversity of contemporary U. S. attitudes, behaviors, and relationships. It also covers basic sociological concepts and research methods. Most human sexuality texts focus on the individual, whereas texts designed for sociology courses on the family downplay individual sexual expression

SummaryThis paper investigates whether ethnic diversity at the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) cluster level predicts HIV serostatus in three sub-Saharan African countries (Kenya, Malawi and Zambia), using DHS household survey and HIV biomarker data for men and women aged 15–59 collected since 2006. The analysis relates a binary dependent variable (HIV positive serostatus) and a weighted aggregate predictor variable representing the number of different ethnic groups within a DHS Statistical Enumeration Area (SEA) or cluster, which roughly corresponds to a neighbourhood. Multilevel logistic regression is used to predict HIV prevalence within each SEA, controlling for known demographic, social and behavioural predictors of HIV serostatus. The key finding was that the cluster-level ethnic diversity measure was a significant predictor of HIV serostatus in Malawi and Zambia but not in Kenya. Additional results reflected the heterogeneity of the epidemics: male gender, marriage (Kenya), number of extramarital partners in the past year (Kenya and Malawi, but probably confounded with younger age) and Muslim religion (Zambia) were associated with lower odds of positive HIV serostatus. Condom use at last intercourse (a spurious result probably reflecting endogeneity), STD in the past year, number of lifetime sexual partners, age (Malawi and Zambia), education (Zambia), urban residence (Malawi and Zambia) and employment (Kenya and Malawi) were associated with higher odds of positive serostatus. Future studies might continue to employ multilevel models and incorporate additional, more robust, controls for individual behavioural risk factors and for higher-level social and economic factors, in order to verify and further clarify the association between neighbourhood ethnic diversity and HIV serostatus.

Most studies of lesbian and gay history focus on urban environments. Yet gender and sexual diversity were anything but rare in nonmetropolitan areas in the first half of the twentieth century. Just Queer Folks explores the seldom-discussed history of same-sex intimacy and gender nonconformity in rural and small-town America during a period when the now familiar concepts of heterosexuality and homosexuality were just beginning to take shape. Eschewing the notion that identity is always the best measure of what can be known about gender and sexuality, Colin R. Johnson arg