Suchergebnisse

Die Verfasser stellen drei Varianten von Kausalität vor. Sie diskutieren Kausalität als stabile Beziehung, Kausalität als Effekt einer Intervention und Kausalität als Erklärung eines Prozesses. Darüberhinaus werden Probleme der Aggregation und des Auftretens unbeobachteter vermittelnder Variablen erörtert und die von Bradford Hill formulierten Bedingungen für das Vorliegen von Kausalität vorgestellt. Anhand eines Fallbeispiels aus der Soziologie (Entwicklung von Einstellungen in Bezug auf die Rolle des Staates) werden Abhängigkeitsbeziehungen von unabhängigen Variablen über vermittelnde Variablen zu abhängigen Variablen konstruiert. Abschließend wird auf wichtige Veröffentlichungen zum Thema Kausalität hingewiesen. (ICE)

Die von dem französischen Philosophen P. Hadot beschriebenen Ratschläge antiker Philosophen zur Lebensgestaltung werden hinsichtlich der Frage analysiert, welche Art des Seins der Lebenswelt sie unterstellen. Es werden anthropologische Voraussetzungen, Ziele und Methoden des Heilens erörtert, um daraus lebensweltliche Seinsunterstellungen setzungsanalytisch zu erschließen. Diese Seinsannahmen werden mit phänographischen Aussagen zur Eigenart der Lebenswelt verglichen.

Introduction: The social, scientific, and human context of prejudice and discrimination based on weight / Kelly D. Brownell -- Part I: Nature and extent of weight bias -- Weight bias in employment / Janna Fikkan and Esther Rothblum -- Bias in health care settings / Anthony N. Fabricatore, Thomas A. Wadden, and Gary D. Foster -- The portrayal of weight in the media and its social impact / Bradley S. Greenberg and Tracy R. Worrell -- Weight bias in a child's world / Janet Latner and Marlene B. Schwartz -- Weight bias in a teen's world / Dianne Neumark-Sztainer and Marla Eisenberg -- Part II: Origins, explanations, and measurement -- Attributions and weight-based prejudice / Christian S. Crandall and April Hortman Reser -- Social consensus and the origins of stigma / Gretchen B. Sechrist and Charles Stangor -- Theories of stigma : limitations and needed directions / Eden B. King, Michelle R. Hebl, and Todd F. Heatherton -- Measurement of bias / Bethany A. Teachman and Robyn K. Mallet -- Part III: Consequences of weight bias -- Effects of weight related teasing in adults / J. Kevin Thompson, Sylvia Herbozo, Susan Himes, and Yuko Yamamiya -- Social consequences of weight bias by partners, friends, and strangers / Jeffrey Sobal -- Self-esteem and the stigma of obesity / Jennifer Crocker and Julie A. Garcia -- Personal reflections on bias, stigma, discrimination, and obesity / Carol A. Johnson -- Part IV: Remedies -- Legal theory on weight discrimination / Elizabeth E. Theran -- Remedies for weight-based discrimination / Sondra Solovay -- Improving medical practice / James L. Early and Judy A. Johnston -- Improving the health care system / Christina C. Wee and Susan Z. Yanovski -- Improving the fitness landscape / Heather O. Chambliss and Steven N. Blair -- Changing media images of weight / Michele Weston and Diane Bliss -- Coping with weight stigma / Rebecca M. Puhl -- Advocacy / Lynn McAfee and Miriam Berg -- Expression of bias against obesity in public policy and its remedies / Morgan Downey -- Summary and concluding remarks / Marlene B. Schwartz and Rebecca M. Puhl

In dem vorliegenden Aufsatz wird der Lebenslauf des Soziologen Rene König aufgezeichnet. Geboren im Wilhelminischen Kaiserreich am 5. Juli 1906 in Magdeburg, erlebte er den Ersten Weltkrieg und an dessen Ende die Errichtung der ersten deutschen Republik, die Auflösung der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie und die russische Revolution, das Aufkommen der autoritären und faschistischen Regimes in Ungarn, Italien und Spanien, das Ende Weimars durch die nationalsozialistische 'Machtergreifung', den Zweiten Weltkrieg und den Holocaust, die Niederwerfung des Nationalsozialismus und die Teilung Europas, den Zerfall der Kolonialreiche und das Entstehen der Dritten Welt sowie den Zusammenbruch der UdSSR und somit das Ende der Teilung Europas und damit Deutschlands. Die existentielle Basis von Rene Königs intellektueller Entwicklung zum Soziologen war die entscheidende Lebenserfahrung der 'zwangsweisen Ortsveränderung', wie er selbst das Problem der Exilierung und Emigration bezeichnet hat. Er hat diese existentielle Herausforderung angenommen und sich für ein 'Leben im Widerspruch' entschieden. Er starb am 21. März 1992 in Köln. (psz)

A series of crises, culminating with COVID-19, shows that going "Beyond GDP" is urgently necessary. Social and environmental degradation are consequences of emphasizing GDP as a measure of progress. This degradation created the conditions for the COVID-19 pandemic and limited the efficacy of counter-measures. Additionally, rich countries did not fare much better during the pandemic than poor ones. COVID-19 thrived on inequalities and lack of cooperation. In this article, we leverage on defensive growth theory to explain the relationships between these factors, and we put forward the idea of neo-humanism, a cultural movement grounded on evidence from quality-of-life studies. The movement proposes a new culture leading towards a socially and environmentally sustainable future. Specifically, neo-humanism suggests that prioritizing well-being by, for instance promoting social relations, would benefit the environment, and enable collective action to address public issues. This, in turn, would positively affect productivity and health - among other behavioral outcomes - and thereby instill a virtuous cycle. Such a society would have been better endowed to cope with COVID-19, and possibly even prevented the pandemic. Neo-humanism proposes a world in which the well-being of people comes before the well-being of markets, in which promoting cooperation and social relations represents the starting point for better lives, and a peaceful and respectful coexistence with other species on Earth.

In 2010, a hot debate on bean seed quality in the framework of a European Research project led a French-speaking association of artisan seed companies to challenge EU "quarantine" measures on the bacterial agents of Common Bacterial Blight (CBB), a seedborne disease of common bean. The artisan seed companies (artisans semenciers) forming the association Croqueurs de Carottes are small enterprises producing and marketing seed of open-pollinated vegetable varieties from the public domain, based on networks of organic seed growing farmers. In doing so, the artisan seed companies contribute to the dynamic conservation of crop diversity and to making this diversity accessible to home and market gardeners. For the Croqueurs as member of the French Réseau Semences Paysannes (peasant seed network), this commercial activity also forms part of a wider movement of seed re-appropriation. The research presented here departs from the hypothesis that the dispute on the CBB "quarantine" measures reveals a more general discrepancy: The rationale behind the plant health management practices of the seed artisans differs from the rationale behind the quarantine measures which they face in the form of phytosanitary inspections. In the aim of specifying the plant health management practices of the artisan seed companies, these practices and the rationale behind it will be unfolded as an actor-network. In terms of actor network theory (ANT), the contestation of quarantine measures on common bean by the Croqueurs in France reveals the actor-network behind their bean health management. Disturbed by the quarantine measures, the network becomes apparent in a process of reassemblage. The network behind this particular plant health management will be unfolded by taking controversial elements of the implementation of quarantine measures as a starting point, such as the official protocol for the detection of bacterial pathogens on seeds and the competences of inspectors in charge of phytosanitary seed inspections. The description of the plant health management by artisanal seed companies will be based on the practices of the Croqueurs in France and Belgium, but also on the practices of two artisanal seed companies in Germany. By contrast, discrepancies with the dominant plant health management rationale will appear. Whereas the "quarantine" measures aim at eradicating CBB in the EU by admitting only CBB-free bean seed on the seed market, the artisan seed companies rather seek to live with plant diseases and integrate plant pathogens in their production systems. For the latter, managing crop and seed health also goes through managing sound environments. In the framework of evolving EU plant regulations and a reorganisation of phytosanitary seed inspections in France, the debates on plant health management in artisanal seed companies persist. Although much has been written and publically debated by non-profit organizations, small-scale seed companies and researchers concerning EU seed legislations, but the role of phytosanitary regulations in the dynamic conservation of crop biodiversity has received little attention. The research presented here represents a first step in addressing this question in the scientific arena. ; Peer reviewed

This thesis examines the growing social phenomenon of online political protests in China. While studies have found that internet technologies have empowered the Chinese government to stifle political mobilization and dissent on the Internet, they failed to explain the proliferation of political protests in China's cyberspace. Other studies focused on how the Internet's technical features, contradictions within China's political system, or individuals' grievances contributed to the occurrence of online political protests. However, the principal limitation of these studies was that they could not explain why the effects of online political protests on China's political changes were so limited. This thesis presents an examination of the emergence and political impacts of China's online political protests. It employs the Political Opportunity Structure theory to explain why online political protests frequently occur in China and why they have not caused meaningful changes to China's political system. The thesis argues that the emergence and demise of China's online political protests are dependent upon four key factors--elite divisions, internet control, online social networks, and influential allies, which form political opportunity structures for online political protests. While the existence of elite divisions, capricious internet control, extensive online social networks, and the active role of influential allies cause the occurrence and development of online political protests, the disappearance of such factors will damage political opportunity structures for online political protests, thereby leading to their end. The thesis conducts three case studies--the Lei Yang event (雷洋事件), the Watch Brother event (表哥事件), and the Chai Jing event (柴静事件)--to test the validity of its main argument. The thesis represents a further step towards apply social movement theories to study acts of protest in China's cyberspace. Moreover, by examining the dynamic process of online political protests, it has provided a deeper insight ...

This is an expansive study of what we call "The Global Right to Democracy." The idea gestates from a late 20th century reading of Immanuel Kant. This book is the first comprehensive look at the intersection of neo-Kantian theory and democratization programs undertaken by international organizations and non-governmental bodies in post-conflict and fragile states. The features of this new, assumed right, seem to graft onto international law--and thus hand over to international agencies--methods of protecting and effecting 'democracy' in its broadest definition. The consequence seems to be an alt.

Reviews the characteristics of the youth employment crisis in its quantitative and qualitative dimensions across different regions and countries, and discusses new emerging challenges, such as educated unemployment and the increasing "detachment" of youth from labour markets. Analyses the patterns of interventions and policies implemented by countries around the world since the last general discussion. Highlights the key lessons that can be drawn from the experience of, and the responses to, the global financial crisis. Covers a broad range of the policy areas included in the conclusions of the Conference's 2005 discussion, ranging from macroeconomic considerations to labour market policies and programmes, entrepreneurship development, rights and labour markets institutions, social protection and other factors affecting the demand and supply and the quantity and the quality of employment.

Darwinian evolutionary theory is one of the brightest jewels in the crown of science; yet it has been highly controversial since its first appearance in the Origin of Species in 1859. Well known is the opposition of so many Christians, an opposition that shows little sign of abating today. 'The Problem of War' argues that the roots of the unease lie not simply (as many think) in a straight clash between science and religion, but more deeply in the fact that, while professional biologists are producing first-class science, Darwinism has always had a somewhat darker side where it functions as a secular religion, a form of humanism, directly challenging Christianity

"This book provides an analysis of how penal discourses are used to legitimate post-Cold-War military interventions through three main case studies: Kosovo, Iraq and Libya. These cases reveal the operation of diverse modalities of punishment in extending the ambit of international liberal governance. The argument starts from an analysis of these discourses to trace the historical arc in which military interventions have increasingly been launched through reference to both the human rights discourse and humanitarian sentiments, and a desire to punish the perpetrators. The book continues with the analysis of practices involved in the post-intervention phase, looking at the ways in which states have been established as modes of governance (Kosovo), how punitive atmospheres have animated soldiers' violence in the conduct of war (Iraq), and finally how interventions can expand moral control and a system of devolved surveillance in conjunction with both border control and the engagement of the International Criminal Court (Libya). In all these case, tensions and ambiguities emerge. These practices underscore how punitive intents were also present in the expansion of liberal governance, demonstrating how the rhetoric of punishment was useful in legitimating Western state powers and recomposing the borders of the liberal world at the periphery. War as Protection and Punishment ends with a number of critical comments on the diffusion of the punitive discourse in the international arena, considering how issues of crime and justice have also animated, at least in part, the current engagement with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. An accessible and compelling read, this book will appeal to students and scholars of criminology, sociology, politics and those interested in how penal discourses are used to legitimise military conventions"--

Hannah Arendt gilt als eine der einflussreichsten Denkerinnen des 20. Jahrhunderts - doch die Frage nach der Modernität ihrer Ansätze ist umstritten. Bruno Heidlberger interpretiert das Werk Arendts mit Blick auf die Fragilität spätmoderner Massen- und Konsumgesellschaften und macht dadurch ihre ungebrochene Aktualität sichtbar. Im Kontext aktueller Krisen wie der globalen Auseinandersetzung zwischen Autoritarismus und liberaler Demokratie erscheint Arendts Politikbegriff in neuem Licht. Auch ihre Gedanken zur Freiheit weisen über das heutige Verständnis von Liberalismus hinaus: Individuelle Freiheit und Gemeinsinn bedingen einander und mit Arendt lässt sich Freiheit neu denken