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In this article Dr. García Hoz means, in a purely informative way, to answer the question: "how are those educators formed who are neither teachers nor parents considedered as such educators?" In order to facilitate the understanding of this problem he centers his study in three different aspects, politic, religious and undifferentiated one. The author poses the problem of the relationship between education and politics' and points out the politic concern on educational questions. He explains the service which education renders to politics and shows the inter-action of both of them in Spain. He studies the double aspect of the religious and educational problem to show its influence on pedagogical method and on the catechistical societies and on the National Catholic Action. After explaining the existing link betwen the above mentioned fields and the undifferentiated social one he gives a complete account of the Spanish societies whose specific aims and characteristics are social. He ends by stating the utility of these formative types and the convenience of increasing their contact with the professional educational institutions.

Analysing different aspects of city life during the lapse between the last quarter of last century and our days, the author points out as a remarkable feature, the unsteadiness with which men and professions are joint, upon the basis of competence and affinity, in it, stating the necessity of satisfactorily exploring the social consequences of that unsteadiness; the author also describes the situations of anonymousness and strangeness through which every new member of a large city goes, and with the example of a family illustrates the points of view and proceedings of its members with regard to neighbourhood relationship, social circle and politic and church community. Then the author devotes to urban dwelling, to end with a chapter on urban planning recommending the sociologic approach to this type of investigations. Town must be considered, not individually, but in its functional connection with the boundary, with the region, as a component of a balanced hierarchy ; Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas

The new Federation of the British territories of the Caribbean area will come into being in 1957, with the first federal elections under the new constítutional arrangements probably being held early in 1956. In this article Professor Lewís sets out the general background of West Indian society wíthin which the Federal Government will operate. A short inítial historical background of the federal idea is followed by .a discussion of the varied factors that make Federation a logical step for these dispersed and poverty-stricken islands. This is followed, in turn, by two larger sections, The first of these deals in detail with the general socia'! and psychological conditions of West Indian society; with sorne particular reference being paid to social attitudes of the peasant and worker in that society; the relationship between them and the elements of West Indian government; the role of color in social and individual relationships; the problem of a superimposed British culture-pattern upon a colonial people; and the kind of public policy that will have to be pursued by imaginative government if a West Indian answer 1S to be provided to the West Indian question, The second larger section analyzes the character of politics and political parties in the British Caribbean. It includes a description of the pllesent forms of constitutional and political rule in the Crown Colonysystem and an analysis of the various factors that explain the comparative imrnaturity of disciplined and principled political partíes in the region. Note is taken of the recent rise of new party organizatíons which promise to replace the old forrns with new structures and new social and economic philosophies more attuned to the rising demand for responsible self-government in the area, possibly to end in Dominion Status of the region within the Cornrnonwealth. Note is likewise taken of those aspects of the proposed Federa'! Constitution which impíge upon these aspects of West Indian government. The final and shorter section of the article deals with the growth of a Caribbean national culture and consciousness within the British area. For the development of federal self-government is only one aspect of the rise of colonial nationalism within the Caribbean; one of the problems of the federal venture, in turn, will be that of adjusting its machinery and its outlook to the demands of that nationalist spirít. In this sense, the Caribbean reflects the larger spirit of racial and nationalist self-assertiveness that is to be seen in the Asian and African continents. The article closes by drawing attention to the fact that the stubborn anglophilism of the British Caribbean, along with its nearness to the United States, suggests that the region may become an experiment in the meeting and the mixture of the old and the new worlds in the twentieth century. ; Resumen en inglés.

This work begins the scientific study of the pedagocical systems, thas is to say, of the whole of institutions by which a community, especially by means of the word, tries to form the ideas, feelings and habits of its younger members. These pedagogical objects do not coincide with the so called educative tendencies, the deepest roots of which are in the prospective, in the historical one, or with the Scholar Organization in its juridical, political, economical aspects, which are exceedingly linked to a Geography and to an epoch. In spite of the worthy attempts of generalization made by Fundamental Pedagogies and Scholar Administrations, they have not succeeded in abstracting that which is more general in the pedagogical systems. In orden to resolve this problem it is necessary to approach in from different starting points. These points are the Scholar Organization. History of Education and Pedagogy and Sociology of Education. The contribution of all these matters will allow us to trace the object to its origin and survey the factors that act at present with a retrospective look and so we shall be able to overcome the single case and arrive to a generalization and establish constant relations between the pedagogical phenomena and the other categories of social facts, between the pedagogical, social system and the general, social system and arrive to the general theory of the mechanisms of education, considered in abstracto, that is to say, deprived of the fixed conditions of place and time.

To assure its stability the western World requires a doctrinarian and historical reconsideration of its socio-economic institutions. A possibility would be to amplify the power of administration to direct economic life within a democratic institutional framework. The realization of this possibility is hindered by the class struggles and the capitalistic forces. The first obstacle could be neutralized by means of doctrinarian and constitutional State interventions. As for the second, a transformation can be observed both in its ideological aspects and its material structure, caused by internal and external impulses. The profit principle is being replaced by the security idea and the impersonalization of enterprise converts management in wage earners which, fearing competition sign interenterpreneurial agreements. In order to overcome these obstacles and facing the danger of possible accumulation, stagnation and destruction of economic activity, the State intervention is fully justified. Although the classical economics keeps itself aloof from any ethical value judgment the mere fact that it is based on a free profit economy makes that its alleged neutrality must be taken with serious reservations. The theory must not only interpret reality but must also create the necessary tools for directing economic life, as its aims are evidently social. ; Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas