В статье рассматриваются процессы законодательного развития в сфере соблюдения и защиты прав инвалидов. Основной задачей юридического образования является подготовка юристов, призванных в своей практической деятельности защищать конституционные права и свободы граждан. Знания и соблюдение законных прав социально уязвимых слоев населения восстанавливают социальную справедливость в обществе, что должно учитываться в социальном правовом государстве. ; The article examines the processes of legislative development in the field of observance and protection of the rights of persons with disabilities. The main task of legal education is to train lawyers who are called upon to protect the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens in their practice. Knowledge and respect for the legal rights of socially vulnerable segments of the population restore social justice in society, which should be taken into account in a social legal state
The article is devoted to the actual problem of social services for elderly citizens at home. The whole social service system requires modernization based on the principles of providing social services to form motivation for active longevity and to develop social interaction of the elderly. The article deals with the issues of socialization of older people, its features, objective and subjective factors, the opinions of scientists on the factors, typology of socialization. There are presented the main problems of elderly people receiving services of social service institutions in the Russian Federation, identified on the basis of statistical data. There are outlined directions of the State strategy for development of the system of social services for older generation, improvement of their quality of life and active longevity under the conditions of socio-economic crisis. The author uses the results of own sociological survey of408 elderly respondents receiving social services in the social service institutions for the elderly. The importance of the services related to maintaining healthy and socially active longevity, organization of life and leisure, constructive interaction with relatives, for successful socialization of elderly people is shown. It is established that the most intensive socialization occurs in the process of providing social and socio-medical services. The dominant setting of elderly people is preservation of health; at the same time, it is the state of health that mostly determines the success of socialization of the elderly. For their active and healthy longevity elderly people prefer primarily cultural, educational, sports activities. However, many rely on the support of social service organizations.
This article presents an attempt to define the framework and the possible guidelines for analyzing the influence of professional education on social stratification given the current conditions of social reality.
The author points out that the structural changes in all social institutions (including professional education and the labor market), the fluidity and dynamism of modern social reality, and conserving a dichotomy of fluidity when speaking of the Russian context – rigidity, the expansion and inflation of professional education combined with the preservation of inequality when it comes to implementing educational trajectories – all of this makes studying the connection between social stratification, professional education and social mobility ever the more relevant.
Researchers face the following acute questions: what sort of role is played by professional education in promoting or restricting an individual's social mobility? How has the expansion and inflation of education redefined the selection and allocation of human capital? In which way does the connection change between social stratification, professional education and social mobility, what are the foundations, the sociological study tradition and the theoretical-methodological prospects for the future?
In order to find answers, the author examines both traditional theoretical-methodological approaches, and ones that are new to sociology of education.
The article substantiates the notion that structural-functional theory does not possess a comprehensive explanatory potential in the study of the socio-structural role of professional education in regards to social mobility. The author substantiates the following thesis from a conflict analysis standpoint: democratizing access to professional education does not mean the reduction of class inequality or the emergence of a society of equal opportunity. Within the paradigm of an activity-related approach in sociology of education, where education is viewed not just as a separate social institution, but as part of a larger system of social action and social inequality, the definitive role of motivation and proactiveness is emphasized, with them producing a positive effect when it comes to attaining higher professional status.
The accelerating rate of change in society, the multidimensionality and polyvariance in implementing educational and professional trajectories in modern society indicate the need for a multidimensional evaluation of social mobility. In regards to the topic of education, and when it comes to analyzing the implementation of educational trajectories, professional education represents a vital condition and a necessary prerequisite for an individual to exercise social mobility both in terms of objective and subjective coordinates of mobility, and in regards to research methods and methodology, this demands synthesizing quantitative and qualitative research strategies, and, consequently, opens up new opportunities for interpreting results and perceiving social reality.
The article presents an analysis of scientific performance of research and development organizations, which was conducted on the basis of a Database containing information about the performance of scientific organizations that perform research, development and technological work for civil purposes. The results of the analysis of performance indicators of scientific activities of organizations based on data for 2018 in research areas, in particular, the indicators of WoS publications, as well as the results of intellectual activity created and used by organizations, are presented.
В статье рассматриваются комплексы когнитивных установок, лежащие в основе языкового мышления и выступающие в форме культурных кодов. Такие комплексы в своей совокупности образуют когнитивный субстрат языкового мышления, который имеет этнокультурную и этноязыковую специфику в рамках лингвокультур. Методы исследования: анализ, сравнение, описательный метод, межъязыковое сопоставление меркантилистского и милитарного культурных кодов на материале английской и русской лингвокультур. Результаты исследования. Отмечается, что когнитивный субстрат языкового мышления народа выполняет функцию моделирования реальности, выступая как совокупность культурных кодов. Показано, что коды, применяемые субъектом в его языковом мышлении, делятся на внутренние и внешние. Внутренние коды духовно близки данному субъекту; на них он формирует мысли, а на внешних кодах он только вербально формулирует их, переводит с внутреннего на внешний код. В число внутренних кодов можно включить и тот культурный код, который более всего близок субъекту из-за его сословной, профессиональной и иной принадлежности. Делается вывод о том, что субъект смотрит на весь окружающий мир сквозь призму наиболее привычной ему сферы бытия, делая ее моделью мира и культурным кодом. ; The article is devoted to a description of cognitive attitude complexes that underlie linguistic thinking and function in the form of cultural codes. Such complexes form a cognitive substrate of linguistic thinking. It has ethnocultural and ethnolinguistic specificity. Research methods: analysis, comparison, descriptive method, interlinguistic comparison of mercantilist and military cultural codes on the basis of English and Russian linguocultural materials. Research results. It is outlined that the cognitive substrate of the linguistic thinking performs the function of modelling reality, acting as a complex of cultural codes. It is shown that the codes used by a person in his / her linguistic thinking are divided into internal and external ones. Internal codes are spiritually close to their user; he / she forms thoughts in them, and as for external codes, he / she only verbally formulates thoughts, translates them from internal to external code. Among the internal codes, there is a cultural code that is closest to the person because of his / her state, occupation, etc. It is concluded that the person views the surrounding world through the prism of the most familiar sphere of life, making it a model of the world and a cultural code.
The concept of "youth" or "youth" is a special concept inherent in any society and covering certain demographic periods. Although modern researchers do not deny that young people are active in all spheres and industries in the new century, which is the information society, they note that the current development creates certain social, political, economic, legal and, of course, spiritual problems.
The purpose of the research is to identify the features of demographic aging in terms of gender problems in modern Russia. The most significant demographic transformation of the current century is the process of population aging. It is established that the distinctive characteristics of the demographic dynamics in our country are: changing age structure of the population against the background of low fertility connected with the second stage of depopulation in Russia; a significant lagging behind not only economically developed but also several developing countries in life expectancy for both women and men; prevailing demographic asymmetry by gender; low indicators of healthy life expectancy, which are calculated without taking into account the gender component; burden of age-related diseases accumulated by the age of 65. It is shown that in Russia the number of elderly and old women exceeds the number of their male coevals by more than 15 million. Social, technological, and demographic transformations impact the dynamics of social roles. The most important change is the growth of women in paid work throughout the world, including in Russia. And women of retirement age have a high risk of social isolation. For many Russian pensioners with low per capita income and no savings the main strategy is that of survival. So now the most topical problem is changing the stereotype of women's old age, associated with such concepts as lack of development, untidy appearance of a person without gender and desires that causes physical rejection.
This article presents the theoretical aspects of the development of international trade in services in the context of digital transformations. Shown the role of e-commerce at the present time and the main problems of its development in Russia.
Background. Currently, the proportion of pregnancies obtained by assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) reaches 1.7–4.0 %. Short-term and long-term results of ART implementation require public and, most importantly, legal assessment. Some publications suggest higher risks of congenital deformities and head and neck cancers in children conceived by ART.Objective: to review publications analyzing the problem of head and neck cancers in children conceived by ART and legal protection of the embryo.Materials and methods. We performed retrospective analysis of 42 articles published in 1995–2019, including 33 foreign and 9 Russian articles.Results. Earlier studies have demonstrated that children conceived by ART have an increased risk of cancers, including head and neck cancers, such as central nervous system tumors and retinoblastoma. Recent publications have shown no significant differences in the prevalence of malignant tumors between children born after ART and children conceived naturally. Nevertheless, the risk of developing head and neck tumors is higher in children after ART. The analysis of Russian and international legislation has demonstrated that the legal status of an embryo differs depending on whether it develops in vivo or in vitro.Conclusion. Children conceived by ART are at higher risk of malignant head and neck tumors, primarily central nervous system tumors and retinoblastoma. The legal status of an embryo depends on whether it develops in vivo or in vitro. ; Введение. В настоящее время на долю беременностей, ставших результатом применения вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий (ВРТ), приходится 1,7–4,0 %. Непосредственные и отдаленные результаты внедрения ВРТ требуют общественной и, что особенно важно, правовой оценки. Данные литературы свидетельствуют о риске развития у детей, зачатых с помощью ВРТ, как врожденных уродств, так и злокачественных опухолей головы и шеи.Цель исследования – изучить данные научной литературы по проблеме возникновения злокачественных опухолей головы и шеи у детей, зачатых с помощью ВРТ, и по вопросу о правовой охране эмбриона.Материалы и методы. Проведен ретроспективный анализ данных 42 источников, опубликованных в 1995–2019 гг., из них 33 иностранных и 9 русскоязычных.Результаты. Более ранние исследования свидетельствуют о наличии у детей, зачатых с помощью ВРТ, повышенного риска возникновения раковых опухолей, в том числе в области головы и шеи – опухолей центральной нервной системы и ретинобластом. В недавних публикациях сообщается об отсутствии статистически значимых различий в распространенности злокачественных опухолей среди детей, рожденных с помощью ВРТ и зачатых естественным путем. Тем не менее риск развития опухолей головы и шеи у зачатых путем экстракорпорального оплодотворения выше. Анализ российского и международного законодательства показал, что правой статус эмбриона рассматривается по-разному в зависимости от того, развивается он in vivo или in vitro.Заключение. Дети, зачатые с помощью ВРТ, имеют более высокий риск развития злокачественных опухолей головы и шеи, среди которых преобладают опухоли центральной нервной системы и ретинобластома. Правовой статус эмбриона отличается в зависимости от того, развивается он in vitro или in vivo.
Information activity of the bodies of the Federal Tax Service of Russia is being improved from year to year on the basis of ICT and modern digital technologies. This article discusses some practical aspects of the legal support of information activities of the territorial bodies of the Federal Tax Service of Russia.
Among the female Polovtsy burials there are a little of burials with rank objects which are definitely connected with one social category. They can be divided into 3 groups: with one rank object, with two, and three ones. The analysis of a funeral ceremony and accompanying goods has revealed that all these burials undoubtedly belonged to notable Polovtsy women.Apparently, women buried with a cauldron before their death used to be leaders of a social cell (kosh, kin) for a while, or were wives (widows) of heads of tribal associations. Probably, the lifetime status of women with neck grivnas was not lower than that of the women buried with a cauldron. Most likely, they were wives, mothers, daughters, or sisters of elders, heads of kins or tribes. The rank level of women with unbent grivna was apparently somewhat lower than that of the women among whose grave goods there was a cauldron or neck grivna. Probably, these burials belonged to wives (widows) of military leaders.The lifetime status of women with two and three rank objects is most likely similar. These Polovtsy women possessed the highest status in a society and all completeness of authority in their social cell. ; В статье раскрывается социокультурный аспект женских половецких погребений, в состав погребального инвентаря которых входят шейная или распрямленная гривны, котел или набор этих предметов. Автор делает попытку определить прижизненный статус и ранг представительниц половецкой знати. ; В масиві жіночих половецьких поховань виділяється невелика кількість захоронень з ранговими предметами, які безперечно пов'язані з єдиною соціальною категорією. Їх можна поділити на 3 групи: з одним ранговим предметом, з двома і трьома. Аналіз поховального обряду та супровідного інвентарю виявив, що усі ці поховання, без сумніву, належали знатним половчанкам.Жінки, яких було поховано з казаном, мабуть, якийсь час перед смертю очолювали соціальний осередок (кіш, рід), або були дружинами (вдовами) голів родових об'єднань. Прижиттєвий статус жінок з шийними гривнами був, імовірно, не нижчим, ніж жінок, похованих із казаном. Скоріш за все, це були дружини, матері, доньки, сестри старійшин, голів родів або племен. Ранговий рівень жінок з розпрямленою гривною, мабуть, був декілька нижчим, ніж жінок, в інвентарі яких був присутній казан або шийна гривна. Можливо, ці поховання належали дружинам (вдовам) військових вождей.Прижиттєвий статус жінок з двома та трьома ранговими предметами, напевно, був близьким. Ці половчанки мали найвищий статус у суспільстві й усю повноту влади в своєму соціальному осередку.
The article is devoted to the review of the olfactory image representation in fiction. The relevance of the research is determined by the linguists' interest in description of the linguistic features of the designation of odoric sensations in the pragmalinguistic aspect. In this regard, relevant is the linguo-pragmatic study of the olfactory image formation and means of its description in German. The purpose of the article is a description of the means and methods of forming of men and women olfactory image in the German language. The material of the research were the examples from German-language fiction works that are part of the national German language corps DWDS. In total, 1184 text fragments from 30 works by German-speaking authors were analyzed. In this research, the authors describe in detail the structure of the lexical-semantic field "smell" in German, which is used to form olfactory images in a gender aspect and acts as a pragmatic marker. Based on the analysis of text fragments, the authors describe the means of olfactory images forming of men and women. The analysis shows that the olfactory image of a woman focuses on the pleasant smell that occurs while using cosmetics and while mentioning the woman's natural smell. By describing an olfactory image of a man, vocabulary with a negative connotation dominates, and the "unpleasant smell" acts as a marker. Quantitative results of the study showed that the prevailing female image is positive, which causes positive emotions in the reader, while negative is prevailing by creating a male olfactory image. This pattern can be explained by social expectations from a woman who, in any circumstances, should look attractive. A negative olfactory image of a man can be an indicator of his masculinity, strength.
The article presents the results of a study of employment in the Russian media. Given the global trend of feminization of the media, the issues of professional self-realization, salary and career growth were analyzed through the prism of gender. The research tools included, firstly, a mass questionnaire of media workers holding both creative and administrative positions; secondly, a series of in-depth structured interviews with experts experienced in working as journalists and editors-in-chief; heads of journalistic associations; owners and founders of publications; heads of HR services of media structures; and thirdly, analysis of statistics relating to the editorial corps of editions at the municipal, regional and national levels — in the latter case the data on leading news agencies and Internet resources were analyzed. The study confirmed the trend of feminization, which is based on the socio-political (reducing the influence of the media and, consequently, lower salaries) and technological aspects (spread of information technology, forcing traditional media to compete with social media, saving on staff and reducing the quality of materials). Dissatisfied with the decline in income and in the prestige of the profession men were replaced by women, that was facilitated by a marked increase in the accessibility of journalistic education. The size of salaries depends on decisiveness of the media, on region, and also on the topics that a journalist is engaged in; in general, the willingness of women to work for a lower salary is forced. Precarious employment that is widespread in the industry deprives workers of social protection, while most of them are young women. The article examines the so-called "glass ceilings": the more influential the media, the less often it is led by a woman. At the same time, only a quarter of the respondents acknowledge the presence of gender discrimination in their industry, and most of them are women. This is partly due to the prevalence among journalists of both sexes of traditional ideas about the distribution of the social roles of men and women in family and in society.
В мировой экономической науке и политике борьба с бедностью и неравенством продолжает быть актуальной, несмотря на десятилетия усилий по их преодолению. В отношении людей трудоспособного возраста и ниже трудоспособного усилия традиционно сосредоточены на обеспечении доступа к образованию и рабочим местам. Использование аналогичных инструментов в борьбе с бедностью среди пожилых людей может быть менее эффективным в силу меньшей предельной полезности образования и снижающихся возможностей доступа к высокооплачиваемым рабочим местам. Предполагается, что благосостояние старшего поколения гарантировано либо государством, либо самими пожилыми людьми, получающими отдачу от сделанных в течение жизненного пути инвестиций. Цель исследования - поиск институциональных и личностных факторов, действующих и формирующихся в течение всего жизненного курса и определяющих благосостояние пожилых людей. Тестировались такие факторы, как образование, стаж работы, количество членов домохозяйства, семейное положение, пол, территория проживания (город/деревня) и регион проживания. Методы: методы описательных статистик и корреляционный анализ на выборках Комплексного наблюдения условий жизни населения (КОУЖ-2018) для людей пенсионного возраста в России. Дополнительно для проверки результатов использованы данные Выборочного наблюдения доходов населения и участия в социальных программах (ВНДН-2017) и Европейского социального исследования (ESS-2018). Результаты: проведенные оценки корреляций между индикаторами социально-экономического статуса показали, что только количество членов домохозяйства в выборках ВНДН и ESS значимо и сильно положительно коррелирует с доходами в пожилом возрасте. Отсутствие работы негативно коррелирует с доходами горожан и доходами женщин. Оценки абсолютной и относительной бедности для федеральных округов различаются от 1 до 240 %. Субъективная бедность домохозяйств в России превышает 50 %. ; In world economic science and politics, the fight against poverty and inequality continues to be relevant, despite decades of efforts to overcome them. For people of working age and below working age, efforts have traditionally been focused on ensuring access to education and jobs. Alleviating old-age poverty is less straightforward because of the lower marginal utility of education and declining opportunities for access to high-paying jobs. It is assumed that the well-being of the older generation is guaranteed either by the state or by the elderly themselves, who receive returns on investments made during their life course. The purpose of this study was to search for institutional and personal factors that act and form throughout the life course and determine the well-being of older adults. We tested such factors as education, work experience, number of household members, marital status, gender, area of residence (city vs rural) and region of residence. Methods: the method of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis on the samples of the Comprehensive Monitoring of Living Conditions (CMLC-2018) for people of retirement age in Russia. Additionally, to verify the results, we used the data from the Sample Survey of Population Income and Participation in Social Programs (VNDN-2017) and the European Social Survey (ESS-2018). Results. Correlations between indicators of socioeconomic status showed that only the number of household members in VNDN and ESS samples significantly and strongly positively correlates with income in old age. Unemployment has a negative correlation with income for city residents and women. Differences in absolute and relative poverty assessments for Federal districts vary from 1 to 240 %. Subjective poverty among households in Russia exceeds 50 %.
