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The study of the baths landscape of Rome in the Antiquity(Ist century B.C.- Vth century A.D.) aims at filling certain gaps concerning the research on the minor baths in the capital of the Empire. The thesis followed essentially five main chapters: we beforehand defined a historic and social frame in our study by insisting on the relative problems at the origin of the Roman bath and in its distribution in italic peninsula. We then bent over the methodological problems met during the establishment of our corpus. To conceive in a concrete way the Roman bath landscape, we indeed established a database every evidence of which corresponds to a bath complex known by sources(archaeological, epigraphic and literary). This catalog was approached under descriptive shape on our third chapter. Our fourth axis concerns particularly the legislation relative to these balnea, the definition of their status and the identification of their owners. Finally, a typological and technical study of the baths of Rome showed itself necessary to end this study in a exhaustive way. ; L'étude du paysage balnéaire de Rome dans l'Antiquité (Ier siècle av. J.-C.- Ve siècle ap. J.-C.) a pour but de combler certaines lacunes concernant la recherche sur les bains dits mineurs dans la capitale de l'Empire. La thèse a suivi essentiellement cinq grands axes : nous avons au préalable défini un cadre historique et social à notre étude en insistant sur les problèmes relatifs à l'origine du bain romain et à sa diffusion en péninsule italique. Nous nous sommes ensuite penchés sur les problèmes méthodologiques rencontrés lors de l'établissement de notre corpus. Afin d'appréhender de manière concrète le paysage balnéaire romain, nous avons en effet établi une base de données dont chaque entrée correspond à un complexe balnéaire connu par les sources (archéologiques, épigraphiques et littéraires). Ce catalogue a été abordé sous forme descriptive dans notre troisième grande partie. Notre quatrième axe concerne particulièrement la législation relative à ces balnea, la définition de leur statut et l'identification de leurs propriétaires. Enfin, une étude typologique et technique des bains de Rome s'est révélée nécessaire pour terminer cette étude de façon exhaustive.

The study of the baths landscape of Rome in the Antiquity(Ist century B.C.- Vth century A.D.) aims at filling certain gaps concerning the research on the minor baths in the capital of the Empire. The thesis followed essentially five main chapters: we beforehand defined a historic and social frame in our study by insisting on the relative problems at the origin of the Roman bath and in its distribution in italic peninsula. We then bent over the methodological problems met during the establishment of our corpus. To conceive in a concrete way the Roman bath landscape, we indeed established a database every evidence of which corresponds to a bath complex known by sources(archaeological, epigraphic and literary). This catalog was approached under descriptive shape on our third chapter. Our fourth axis concerns particularly the legislation relative to these balnea, the definition of their status and the identification of their owners. Finally, a typological and technical study of the baths of Rome showed itself necessary to end this study in a exhaustive way. ; L'étude du paysage balnéaire de Rome dans l'Antiquité (Ier siècle av. J.-C.- Ve siècle ap. J.-C.) a pour but de combler certaines lacunes concernant la recherche sur les bains dits mineurs dans la capitale de l'Empire. La thèse a suivi essentiellement cinq grands axes : nous avons au préalable défini un cadre historique et social à notre étude en insistant sur les problèmes relatifs à l'origine du bain romain et à sa diffusion en péninsule italique. Nous nous sommes ensuite penchés sur les problèmes méthodologiques rencontrés lors de l'établissement de notre corpus. Afin d'appréhender de manière concrète le paysage balnéaire romain, nous avons en effet établi une base de données dont chaque entrée correspond à un complexe balnéaire connu par les sources (archéologiques, épigraphiques et littéraires). Ce catalogue a été abordé sous forme descriptive dans notre troisième grande partie. Notre quatrième axe concerne particulièrement la législation relative à ces ...

It has been said «nutrition is at the center of those processes by which a human group shows its identity and the otherness of those this otherness differentiates them from». This concept is of particular relevance with reference to the presence of Islam on European soil, and, more specifically, in Spain. The possibility of observing the dietary rules laid down by Islamic law becomes an important factor which shows the level of integration of the Islamic communities within the context of the socalled «transplanted Islam», that is, Islam as installed in Europe, principally due to migration. The problems begin when members of these communities pose demands such as, for example, the existence of menus without substances which are forbidden by their religion, in certain institutions whose work regime is designed following uniform parameters (schools, hospitals, penitentiaries, etc.). And we must not forget that the pretention to slaughter animals whose flesh can be eaten by Muslims may be in conflict with Spanish Health Legislation. These are just two of the questions dealt with in this article, which also analyses the way they are regulated in Article 14 of the 1992 Cooperation Agreement with the Spanish Islam Commission, the observance of which is also evaluated in the light of field work carried out over the last few years. ; Se ha dicho que «la alimentación está en el centro de los procesos por los cuales un grupo humano marca su identidad y la alteridad de aquellos a los que esta alteridad les distingue». Esta idea cobra especial relevancia si nos referimos a la presencia del Islam en suelo europeo, y, más concretamente, en España. La posibilidad de observar las prescripciones alimenticias que la ley islámica establece se convierte en un importante factor que marca el grado de integración de las comunidades musulmanas en el contexto de lo que se conoce como el «Islam trasplantado», es decir, aquel que se instala en Europa por mor, fundamentalmente, de los movimientos migratorios. Los problemas comienzan cuando los miembros de dichas comunidades plantean peticiones como, por ejemplo, la existencia de menús que no contengan sustancias prohibidas por su religión, en determinadas instituciones cuyo régimen de funcionamiento está diseñado según parámetros de uniformidad (colegios, hospitales, establecimientos penitenciarios, etc.). Sin olvidar que la pretensión de sacrificar los animales cuya carne sí puede consumir un musulmán puede plantear un conflicto con la normativa sanitaria española. Estas y otras cuestiones son abordadas en este artículo, analizando además el modo en que son reguladas en el artículo 14 del Acuerdo de cooperación de 1992 con la Comisión Islámica de España, cuyo grado de cumplimiento también es evaluado a la luz del trabajo de campo desarrollado en los últimos años.

In this paper, we report some aspects of the process of the introduction of color to the Colombian television network. Our analytical approach is to see lineal comprehensions, typical of progressive histories of technological change, as problematic. Consequently, we try to take into account heterogeneous arrays of the historical, social, economical, cultural, technical and political circumstances involved in the process. This approach allows us to explain the technological alternatives that were considered and the technical and institutional pathways that were effectively implemented. The historical review suggests that an oversimplified comprehension of socio-technical change gives rise to a low capacity to guide it with respect to more ambitious social goals. ; En el artículo narramos aspectos del proceso de introducción del color en la red colombiana de televisión. Nuestro objetivo analítico consiste en problematizar la comprensión lineal característica de las narraciones históricas progresivas del cambio socio-técnico, mostrando una red heterogénea de circunstancias históricas, sociales, económicas, culturales, técnicas y políticas involucradas en el proceso, las cuales permiten explicar las alternativas tecnológicas consideradas y las trayectorias técnicas e institucionales resultantes. Las conclusiones de la revisión histórica sugieren que una comprensión sobresimplificada del cambio socio-técnico redunda en una baja capacidad para orientarlo de acuerdo con metas sociales ambiciosas.

Résumé « Qu'est-ce qu'il y a à l'intérieur d'une loi ? Qu'est-ce qu'on y voit quand elle est ouverte ? » - Charles Trenet parlait, lui, d'une noix. La loi de 2010 a légalisé les jeux d'argent en ligne dans un marché français jusqu'ici confortablement installé avec ses monopoles et ses industries du jeu hyper cadrées par l'Etat. Quelle était la situation de ce marché avant les assauts d'Internet et de la Commission européenne ? Qu 'ont voulu le gouvernement et les parlementaires législateurs ? Les objectifs régaliens de sécurité et de santé publiques sont-ils préservés ? Quels impacts de l'ouverture sur les opérateurs historiques ou nouveaux entrants ? Le modèle français peut-il servir d'exemple aux autres Etats membres et inspirer les instances communautaires ? Que peut apporter la « revoyure » de novembre 2011 ?

A 2010 Act legalized online gambling within a French market that was well-organized with its monopolies and gambling industries strictly regulated by the state. What was the situation of this market before the offensive of the Internet and of the European Commission? What were the goals of the government and the law-making authority? Are the sovereign missions of the state regarding security and public health well preserved? What impact will the new opening have on the historical and the new actors of the industry? Can the French model serve as an example for the other member states and inspire the Community authorities? What can the planned revision of November 2011 bring about? Adapted from the source document.

ABSTRACT The paper deals with the relevant problems of religion in the Kazakhstan society and social components of the national unity in the historical prerequisites. The authors have studied the Alash intelligentsia, particularly, their influence on the formation of the public opinion regarding the acute religious problems. The authors have also considered the problem of the religious fanaticism in the context of the state's choice of the way for the secular way of development. They have concluded that the government having based on the secular and democratic principles, adopted various measures to solve the religious disagreements in the country.RESUMEN El documento aborda los problemas relevantes de la religión en la sociedad de Kazajstán y los componentes sociales de la unidad nacional en los requisitos históricos. Los autores han estudiado la intelectualidad Alash, en particular, su influencia en la formación de la opinión pública sobre los problemas religiosos agudos. Los autores también han considerado el problema del fanatismo religioso en el contexto de la elección del estado como el camino para el desarrollo secular. Han llegado a la conclusión de que el gobierno, basándose en los principios seculares y democráticos, adoptó diversas medidas para resolver los desacuerdos religiosos en el país.

Many European governments, including Norway, have ambitious educational policies regarding digitalisation. Many businesses and policymakers pay great attention to the use of digital technologies in education in order to meet the future demands for a competent and qualified workforce. Among researchers and policymakers, there is a general consensus that the professional teacher is a key figure for the successful implementation of digital technologies in schools. Many expectations have been placed upon professional teachers regarding the implementation and use of digital technologies. The professional teacher is, to a certain degree, supposed to independently decide how digital technologies should be used in the classroom. This paper discusses what the concept of a 'professional digitally competent teacher' may mean in the context of schools. It also argues the need for a greater understanding of professional digital competence, one which takes into consideration various social and cultural aspects with regard to technology, schools and the teaching profession. In unpacking the social and cultural conditions for implementing technology in a professional teaching context, I will draw on concepts from the constructivist understanding of technology, namely, the 'domestication of technology'.