The primary objective of this article is to observe the phenomenon of "anglicism" in the French language and to study the causes and the reasons for the frequent use of English borrowings. English, as an international language, influences French strongly despite the efforts of French purists to protect their language from it. This article describes and analyses the influence of the English language on the French language. It addresses the notion of franglais as a social phenomenon in French that can be observed at different levels of life. Borrowings from English, or anglicisms, represent one of the most important types of semantic neologisms in the French language. There are six types of anglicisms in French: semantic, lexical, syntactic, morphological, phonetic and graphical. The repeated use of borrowings in French results in the modification of their semantic structure according to the peculiarities and needs of the French language. Anglicisms in French acquire different shades of meaning. The most frequent English borrowings have the suffix –ing like shopping or camping. The English suffixes -are and -al have been transformed into the French suffixes -aire, -eur, -el, which are more typical for the French language. Many popular English words are used in the business sphere, not only in France but all over the world (brainstorming; mainstream; process; workshop; bullet points; burnout; conference call; desk; one-to-one). Language policy in France, with its main representative the Académie française, tries to control the redundant use of English words in this era of globalisation.
The primary objective of this article is to observe the phenomenon of "anglicism" in the French language and to study the causes and the reasons for the frequent use of English borrowings. English, as an international language, influences French strongly despite the efforts of French purists to protect their language from it. This article describes and analyses the influence of the English language on the French language. It addresses the notion of franglais as a social phenomenon in French that can be observed at different levels of life. Borrowings from English, or anglicisms, represent one of the most important types of semantic neologisms in the French language. There are six types of anglicisms in French: semantic, lexical, syntactic, morphological, phonetic and graphical. The repeated use of borrowings in French results in the modification of their semantic structure according to the peculiarities and needs of the French language. Anglicisms in French acquire different shades of meaning. The most frequent English borrowings have the suffix –ing like shopping or camping. The English suffixes -are and -al have been transformed into the French suffixes -aire, -eur, -el, which are more typical for the French language. Many popular English words are used in the business sphere, not only in France but all over the world (brainstorming; mainstream; process; workshop; bullet points; burnout; conference call; desk; one-to-one). Language policy in France, with its main representative the Académie française, tries to control the redundant use of English words in this era of globalisation.
Gender differences in alcohol consumption, that have been present and maintained for years are now being changed, particularly in countries going through the transition, and women are crossing the risk boundaries and coming closer in alcohol consumption to man. The abuse of alcohol and other substances in the last two decades has increased, especially in the young population, and among the stigmatized groups. The aim of this paper was to, through some sociological theories and epidemiological data, review possible factors affecting the mental health of women and men as well as abuse and alcohol dependence in terms of gender differences. Method - Review of sociological, socio-psychological and psychiatric studies dealing with gender dimensions of use, abuse and dependence on alcohol, its consequences and the level of stigmatization. Despite the results based on gender differences in the level of consumption, patterns of drinking and alcohol types, the consequences are similar at all levels of functioning - mental and physical, social, family, marital and professional. Gender differences in the use of alcohol and other PAS and alcohol dependence are reduced at the beginning of 21st century compared to the entire 20th century. Similar levels of alcohol use and addiction in men and women have not conditioned less stigmatization of female addicts, but they appear to be more stigmatized during the period of drinking and men living in traditional cultures during the period of treatment and abstinence. Negative stereotypes about male and female addicts are influenced strongly by social politics and social activities to reduce the stigma and allocate treatment funds.
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds (secondary metabolites) produced by various saprophytic living mold fungi belonging to genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Claviceps, Alternaria, and others. They are formed and accumulated as a result from proliferation of molds on a variety of food substrates under favorable environmental conditions, including a suitable temperature and humidity. The term 'mycotoxsin' is a combination from the Greek word mykos - fungus, mold, and the Latin word 'toxicum' - poison. For the first time, the term mycotoxins was used in England in 1960 after detecting of high mortality in young turkeys in a turkey farm close to London ('Turkey-X disease'). After the tests that were carried out, high contents of aflatoxins were found out in the peanut butter originating from Brazil that was added to the feed. (Blount, W. P. 1961, Allcroft et al., 1961). By now, the number of the mycotoxins known is over 400, and generally are identified more than 30 000 different metabolites produced by molds. ; BG; en; EFSAfocalpoint@mzh.government.bg
The Lithuanian language has rapidly established itself in modern multilingual Europe. The current policy of the Lithuanian language covers many fields of activity. However, the reality still raises fundamental questions about the existence and dissemination of language related to the assessment and implementation of the status of the national language, the concept of language and society relations, and the prestige of language. These are also important topics for other European countries. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to review the situation of the Lithuanian language in the context of European languages policy. In order to achieve the aim the following objectives have been raised: 1) to review legal regulations of the Lithuanian language and changes of the use in important areas of life; 2) to reveal the situation of Lithuanian language policy and prestige in Lithuania; 3) to discuss the situation of the Lithuanian language in the policy of EU languages. In conclusion, public education must be promoted, as well as assistance provided, the public debate on language and targeted language attitudes must be developed. It is very important to adopt and timely update the legal foundations of the language - not only the legal acts regulating separate areas, but also the constitutional Law on the State Language promulgating the main provisions of the language policy.
In the research process the landscape space of Latvian rehabilitation centers was inspected and analyzed within the social context. The centers were singled out not only by their aesthetical quality, but also by their functional landscape values contained. Rehabilitation gardens and parks are spaces, where people do more than receive medical treatment, they can relax surrounded by nature, engage in physical activities and rest without taking into account ones social status, age, gender, nationality, political views and religion. The goal is to summarize how Latvian rehabilitation gardens and parks promote patients' physical activities in open space and analyze the functional quality of landscape of Latvian rehabilitation gardens and parks. Considering the quality of rehabilitation center environment, it is important to evaluated their accessibility and usability by possibly greater user spectrum that is characterized as a universal design. In Latvia a conceptual direction of design like this is relatively new, but already positively accepted and applied by specialists. Open space designs of rehabilitation center landscaping directly influence how a person feels and lives in the landscape. They sculpt not only the material quality of the environment, but also improve people's communication facility and attitude towards one another. It is important for the environment of Latvian rehabilitation institutions to be friendly, because they are created for the use by all social groups and individuals by applying universal standard principles for open space improvement. Article in English. Reabilitacijos centrų sodų ir parkų atvirųjų erdvių socialinis aspektas Santrauka Tiriant Latvijos reabilitacijos centrų sodų ir parkų erdves, pagrindinis dėmesys buvo skiriamas socialiniam aspektui, gilinantis ne tik į estetines savybes, bet ir į funkcines kraštovaizdžio vertes. Reabilitacijos centrų sodų ir parkų erdvėse žmonės ne tik mediciniškai gydomi, bet ir turi galimybę atsipalaiduoti gamtoje, užsiimti fizine veikla ir ilsėtis nepaisant asmens socialinio statuso, amžiaus, lyties, tautybės, politinių pažiūrų ar religijos. Straipsnio tikslas– apibendrinti, kaip Latvijos reabilitacijos centrų sodai ir parkai skatina pacientų fizinę veiklą atvirame ore analizuojant reabilitacijos centrų sodų ir parkų kraštovaizdžio funkcinę kokybę. Kalbant apie reabilitacijos centrų aplinkos kokybę, būtina pabrėžti jų prieinamumą ir naudojimą galimam platesniam veiklos spektrui, įvardijamam projekto universalumu. Latvijoje ši konceptuali projektavimo kryptis yra reliatyviai nauja, bet jau pripažinta ir palankiai vertinama specialistų. Reabilitacijos centrų sodų ir parkų erdvės daro tiesioginę įtaką žmogus savijautai kraštovaizdyje. Jos formuoja ne tik materialią aplinkos kokybę, bet kartu lengvina žmonių gebėjimą bendrauti ir tarpusavio nusistatymą. Svarbu, kad Latvijos reabilitacijos centrų institucijos kurtų palankias sąlygas naudoti jų sodų ir parkų erdves bet kuriai socialinei grupei ar asmeniui pagal universalius standartinius atvirųjų erdvių tobulinimo principus. Reikšminiai žodžiai:reabilitacijos centrų sodai ir parkai, universalus projektavimas, kraštovaizdžio panauda, prieinamumas, socialinis aspektas.
India is a land of sacred cows. They are abundant in the fields, are present with gods in every temple, figure prominently in Parliament and Assemblies, are the deciding factor in elections, and are the subject of judgement in the highest court of India. The sacredness has attained such heights that social scientists from allover the world have made attempts;to find an approach to the study of sacred cows. Cultural ecologists (Harris 1966) and economists (Raj 1969, Heston 1971) have argued intensely in favour of the appropriateness of their respective approach to the problem. I attempt here to add yet another approach, which I call a sociological approach. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the cultural meaning of cow, which is held in great reverence , by Hindus, and to show t):lat these values of sacredness are more heavily influenced by the socio-political system than by the economic system.
Franco Ferrarotti, Professor emeritus at 'La Sapienza' University of Rome; since winning the first Chair in this discipline in Italy in 1961, he has been considered the Father of Italian Sociology. An independent Member of Italian Parliament in the third government (1958-1963), a member of the New York Academy of Sciences, and a 'visiting Professor' at many universities in Europe, North America, Russia, Japan and Latin America. Franco Ferrarotti has taught and still teaches in Europe and America, and he has received many awards throughout his career. In this interview, he talks about the social aspects and consequences of Earth sciences studies.
The problem of the social foundations of democracy in the context of globalization on the methodology of Aristotle: in the unity of its quantitative and qualitative measurements is studied. The author argues the lack of understanding of democracy primarily in the quantitative characteristics of the majority – minority. Democracy, which based on the majority of the poor, does not give them freedom. Demagogues turn people into a crowd. The state with the majority of the middle class - people whose wealth is based on the "average property, but adequate" is more perfect than such a democracy. In the competition between capitalism and socialism in the XX century, the doctrine of the middle class as a social support of democracy was proclaimed and implemented in the developed countries of the West. Based on Y. Dellinger's researches (2013) and the report of the ILO about wages in the countries of the world in 2014–2015 the authors analyze the tendency of the quantitative reduction of the middle class. As a result, the authors formulate social criteria of evaluation of democracy: the proportion of the middle class as a part of the people and the extent of its relative prosperity. They suggest the themes for further research: the socialization of ownership, in particular TNC to reduce inequality of the average class with the rich; people's defense mechanisms from the concentration of wealth and power in alliance of the oligarchy with the state bureaucracy, in particular, the revolutionary tradition in the system of law sources.Key words: democracy, qualitative and quantitative measurement of democracy, the middle class, absenteeism. ; Досліджується проблема соціальної основи демократії за методологією Арістотеля: в єдності кількісного (більшість – меншість) і якісного (свобода, заможність, освіченість, благородство) її вимірів. Обґрунтовуються соціальні критерії оцінки стану соціальної основи демократії: питома вага середнього класу в складі народу та достатній відносно класу багатих рівень його життя. Аналізуються загрози середньому класу і демократії, викликані тенденціями росту відносної соціальної нерівності та скорочення робочих місць середнього класу на ринку праці внаслідок глобалізації економіки. Ключові слова: демократія, кількісний і якісний виміри демократії, середній клас, абсентеїзм. Исследуется проблема социальной основы демократии по методологии Аристотеля: в единстве количественного (большинство – меньшинство) и качественного (свобода, достаток, образованность, благородство) ее измерений. Аргументируются социальные критерии оценки социальной основы демократии: удельный вес среднего класса в составе народа и достаточный относительно класса богатых уровень его жизни. Анализируются угрозы среднему классу и демократии, вызванные тенденциями роста относительного социального неравенства и сокращения рабочих мест среднего класса на рынке труда вследствие глобализации экономики. Ключевые слова: демократия, количественное и качественное измерения демократии, средний класс, абсентеизм. The problem of the social foundations of democracy in the context of globalization on the methodology of Aristotle: in the unity of its quantitative and qualitative measurements is studied. The author argues the lack of understanding of democracy primarily in the quantitative characteristics of the majority – minority. Democracy, which based on the majority of the poor, does not give them freedom. Demagogues turn people into a crowd. The state with the majority of the middle class - people whose wealth is based on the "average property, but adequate" is more perfect than such a democracy. In the competition between capitalism and socialism in the XX century, the doctrine of the middle class as a social support of democracy was proclaimed and implemented in the developed countries of the West. Based on Y. Dellinger's researches (2013) and the report of the ILO about wages in the countries of the world in 2014–2015 the authors analyze the tendency of the quantitative reduction of the middle class. As a result, the authors formulate social criteria of evaluation of democracy: the proportion of the middle class as a part of the people and the extent of its relative prosperity. They suggest the themes for further research: the socialization of ownership, in particular TNC to reduce inequality of the average class with the rich; people's defense mechanisms from the concentration of wealth and power in alliance of the oligarchy with the state bureaucracy, in particular, the revolutionary tradition in the system of law sources. Key words: democracy, qualitative and quantitative measurement of democracy, the middle class, absenteeism.
The U.S. is flying Haitians camped in a Texas border city again to Haiti with 6722 migrants, 4442 families, and 300 pregnant female and blockading others from crossing the border from Mexico in a large exhibit of pressure that indicators the starting of what may want to be one of America's swiftest, large-scale expulsions of migrants or refugees in decades. The degree of considered hostilities and therapy stage have been alarming, sending waves of questioning from the Biden Administration. Conservative perspective to provide border manipulation and processing to convey a vetting system into the country. The immigration device is damaged and on an extra political stance to focal point on voters and subsequent set of elections. The Haitians are in horrible, crowded conditions. Title forty two beneath the Trump administration so cross the immigrants to processing facilities expel asylum seekers barring rights to hearings. U.S borders manipulate the usage of horse reigns as whips to strike the humans from stopping them from persevering further. This conduct is horrible and must now not be happening. More than 320 migrants arrived in Port-au-Prince on three flights Sunday, and Haiti stated six flights have been anticipated Tuesday. In all, U.S. authorities moved to expel many of the greater 12,000 migrants camped round a bridge in Del Rio, Texas, after crossing from Ciudad Acuña, Mexico.
Unemployment is related to economic, political and social aspects. One of the least analysed social aspects is the relationship between unemployment and the (individual) perceived levels of well-being, such as life satisfaction or happiness. This chapter complements previous work on the subject, using a panel-data econometrics methodology to analyze the relationship between unemployment and life satisfaction in a wide range of countries worldwide. The results confirm that unemployment has a negative effect, statistically significant, on life satisfaction, either for men or for women.
Franco Ferrarotti, Professor emeritus at 'La Sapienza' University of Rome; since winning the first Chair in this discipline in Italy in 1961, he has been considered the Father of Italian Sociology. An independent Member of Italian Parliament in the third government (1958-1963), a member of the New York Academy of Sciences, and a 'visiting Professor' at many universities in Europe, North America, Russia, Japan and Latin America. Franco Ferrarotti has taught and still teaches in Europe and America, and he has received many awards throughout his career. In this interview, he talks about the social aspects and consequences of Earth sciences studies.
Public procurement concentrates large public sector's purchasing power, and has a significant impact on each country's economic development. The purpose of public procurement procedure is transparency, non-discrimination and accordance to the principles of fair competition in acquisition of goods, services and works necessary for the smooth functioning of the public administration. Besides, public procurement can be one of the most important instruments for sustainable development and other purposes useful to the whole society and the economy of the country. This article briefly discusses the concept of sustainable public procurement, reveals its main ideas and applications. One of them, the social sphere, was chosen the main object of the research. The possibility to decrease unemployment, to increase an integration of socially vulnerable group, and to achieve other socially-oriented goals through an effective implementation of the social aspect of sustainable public procurement has been illustrated. Thus, the article analyses the concept of social procurement, assesses the current situation in Lithuania, overviews the good practice of other countries and provides recommendations for measures to extend the application of socially oriented procurement.
Public procurement concentrates large public sector's purchasing power, and has a significant impact on each country's economic development. The purpose of public procurement procedure is transparency, non-discrimination and accordance to the principles of fair competition in acquisition of goods, services and works necessary for the smooth functioning of the public administration. Besides, public procurement can be one of the most important instruments for sustainable development and other purposes useful to the whole society and the economy of the country. This article briefly discusses the concept of sustainable public procurement, reveals its main ideas and applications. One of them, the social sphere, was chosen the main object of the research. The possibility to decrease unemployment, to increase an integration of socially vulnerable group, and to achieve other socially-oriented goals through an effective implementation of the social aspect of sustainable public procurement has been illustrated. Thus, the article analyses the concept of social procurement, assesses the current situation in Lithuania, overviews the good practice of other countries and provides recommendations for measures to extend the application of socially oriented procurement.
