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Among the important tasks of an astronaut will be the visual search for other vehicles in a co-planar orbit for purposes of rendezvous. Human data for minimum visual acuity can be used to compute the maximum sighting distance using information about target size, background, luminance and target contrast. But this distance is valid only if the astronaut knows the exact location of the target satellite and can fixate on it with foveal vision. For a dynamic search situation it is more meaningful to compute a probability of sighting using additional data or assumptions about peripheral visual acuity, eye fixation frequency, search area, and target closure rate. A method is described for computing probability of sighting. An example is provided for application of the method to a search situation for the approximate situation of a space rendezvous with a target comparable to the NASA Gemini vehicle.

The commercial satellite industry has billions of dollars of assets in space and relies on this unique environment for the development and growth of its business. As a result, safety and the sustainment of the space environment are two of the satellite industry's highest priorities. This paper provides an overview of industry efforts to coordinate space traffic control practices and to manage the growing problem of satellite radio frequency interference. Adapted from the source document.

In article it is analyzed action in the space of the principle of prohibition of the use of force and threats (jus contra bellum). Also it is researched application of Geneva Law to space conflicts (jus in bello) and it correlations with another hard and soft norms of international law in the light of protection of space environment such as Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 1972, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1992 etc. Beside this it is used practice of International Court of Justice for argumentation of positions and conclusions. Since space objects management is done remotely with help of software, author draw parallels between legal regulation of international conflicts in outer space and cyber space. Furthermore, it is researched specific features of application the principle of proportionality in international space armed conflicts with the aim of protection environment of space and Earth.

"The book examines ideas about the making and shaping of Greenland's society, environment, and resource spaces. It discusses how Greenland's resources have been extracted at different points in its history, shows how acquiring knowledge of subsurface environments has been crucial for matters of securitisation, and explores how the country is being imagined as an emerging frontier with vast mineral reserves. The book delves into the history and contemporary practice of geological exploration and considers the politics and corporate activities that frame discussion about extractive industries and resource zones. It touches upon resource policies, the nature of social and environmental assessments, and permitting processes, while the environmental and social effects of extractive industries are considered, alongside an assessment of the status of current and planned resource projects. In its exploration of the nature and place of territory and the subterranean in political and economic narratives, the book shows how the making of Greenland has and continues to be bound up with the shaping of resource spaces and with ambitions to extract resources from them. Yet the books shows that plans for extractive industries remain controversial. It concludes by considering the prospects for future development and debates on conservation and Indigenous rights, with reflections on how and where Greenland is positioned in the geopolitics of environmental governance and geo-security in the Arctic. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of environmental anthropology, geography, resource management, extractive industries, environmental governance, international relations, geopolitics, Arctic studies, and sustainable development"--

17 USC 105 interim-entered record; under review. ; The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108874 ; The properties of CNT composites are known to suffer changes when exposed to space conditions or simulated space environments. A more in-depth understanding of the magnitude of those changes could help improve the design of systems that contain them, produce more accurate predictions of their performance, or even open the possibility of new applications. In this study, the electrical properties of CNT epoxy composites containing low CNT loadings (less than 1%) were measured in-situ while the specimens were exposed to diverse simulated space conditions. A thermal vacuum chamber was employed to produce the low pressures and temperatures associated with low earth orbit. A solar simulator was used to replicate solar irradiance. A convection oven was used to determine the effects that could only be attributed to temperature variations. The changes in resistivity exhibited by the composite specimens are reported for each scenario along possible mechanisms that could explain the observed behavior. The microstructural and thermogravimetric characterization of the composites for the diverse loadings is also presented. Resistivity reductions of up to 40% were observed by the simultaneous application of high temperatures and low pressures, while the application of simulated sunlight with the concomitant surge in temperature, showed a maximum decrease of 58%. Outgassing and an increase in the number of charge carriers at the higher temperatures promoted by the simulated sunlight treatment, are believed to be responsible for the recorded reductions in resistivity. A qualitative analysis of the resistivity changes noted when the composites are exposed back to atmospheric conditions is included. ; U.S. Government affiliation is unstated in article text.

Dr. Sherman P. Vinograd fulfilled the roles of Chief of Medical Science and Technology and Director of Biomedical Research at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from the fall of 1961 until the spring of 1979. In this role he shaped, organized, and directed NASA's program of medical research as a funded program of studies, which was carried out in not only NASA Center laboratories, but also in university, industry, and other government laboratories and hospitals all over the country. It produced a large substrate of information through its bed rest studies, vestibular, bone, neuromuscular, hematology, and cardiovascular researches. It also produced valuable fall-out, such as an accurate bone density measurement technique which is now in common clinical use. ; His major activities during this career were conceptualizing, establishing, and chairing the Space Medicine Advisory Group (SPAMAG) charged with defining the earth-based and space-based research and life-support requirements for a manned orbiting research laboratory. This group designed a carefully planned study utilizing highly qualified, specialized members of the scientific community. They postulated a non-existent orbiting laboratory to be designed according to the needs of future human flight crews and requirements for human spaceflight information. This would result in the creation of Skylab. ; He was also responsible for establishing the In-flight Medical Experiments Program in preparation for the Apollo series of manned space flights. This program was a series of carefully designed flight crew studies derived from proposals by qualified scientists both from within and outside NASA to evaluate human responses to spaceflight. ; In addition, Dr. Vinograd developed a supportive Research and Development Program necessary to provide pertinent ground-based data and to advance state-of-the-art medical measurement technology, a major development of which was the Integrated Medical and Behavioral Laboratory Measurement System (IMBLMS). This consisted of medical experiments and accompanying equipment necessary to perform them that was used from the Gemini through the Skylab manned space flight programs. Carried aboard virtually any post-Apollo space vehicle by virtue of its rack and module design, these designs were used well into the future. He also fostered the continuing ground-based medical research program sponsored and/or conducted by NASA. ; The Dr. Sherman P. Vinograd Aerospace Exploration collection consists of artifacts, books, correspondence, financial materials, newspapers, photographs, plaques, printed materials, and reports relating to Dr. Vinograd's early life, his career as an M. D. prior to joining NASA, his years as a physician and researcher at NASA, and the other professional organizations and projects in which he was involved both during and after these periods. ; Box 11, Folder 4