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Over the past 20 years the number of standards and certification programs for agricultural production has grown rapidly. Producers who want to export are confronted not only by a plethora of import regulations, but also within import countries by different niche markets for which specific requirements have to be fulfilled. While the adoption of voluntary standards may grant export opportunities to farmers, they can also be considered barriers to entry for those who cannot apply them either because they are too onerous or because of the lack of knowledge about their requirements. In fact, some producers and exporters increasingly regard private standards as non-tariff barriers to trade. New and more stringent standards are being developed year after year, and there is an urgent need to determine today, and in the future, the extent to which these govern world trade. This report gives an overview of standards and certification programs relevant for fruit and vegetable producers and exporters in developing countries with a focus on the markets of the United States and the European Union. In addition, it gives an overview of current analytical work on standards and trade, reviews major assistance programs related to standards and provides recommendations for further research.--Publisher's description

Examines background conditions and problems that led to adoption of a new EU banana trade policy; reactions in Latin America, the Caribbean, the US, and Europe. Banana Protocol attached to the Fourth Lomé Convention and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Framework Agreement; roles of Standard Fruit (Chiquita), United Fruit (Dole), and Del Monte.

This publication analyzes the use of voluntary standards and certification schemes in the food markets of the United States of America and Canada. The main product categories examined are tropical fruits, coffee and cocoa owing to their economic significance to many developing countries and their high market potential in North America.--Publisher's description

"What does the good life mean in a "backward" place? As communist regimes denigrated widespread unemployment and consumer excess in Western countries, socialist Eastern European states simultaneously legitimized their power through their apparent ability to satisfy consumers' needs. Moving beyond binaries of production and consumption, the essays collected here examine the lessons consumption studies can offer about ethnic and national identity and the role of economic expertise in shaping consumer behavior. From Polish VCRs to Ukrainian fashion boutiques, tropical fruits in the GDR to cinemas in Belgrade, The Socialist Good Life explores what consumption means in a worker state where communist ideology emphasizes collective needs over individual pleasures."--

Literaturverz. S. [81] - 84

"Until the close of the 19th century, many children in America were employed in farming, mills and mines or sold newspapers and fruits and vegetables on the streets. It took the Great Depression and New Deal legislation to pass the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (and receive the support of the Supreme Court)"--

Introduction -- American business in the Civil War -- Giant business in communications and transportation -- The commercial response to a mass market -- The United Fruit Company -- The Singer Sewing Machine Company -- Giant farms -- The American Sugar Refining Company -- The American Tobacco Company -- The forest products industry -- Mining -- Standard Oil Corporation -- United States Steel Corporation -- The meat packers.