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The article is devoted to the comparative law research of the law regulation of the referendum in the postsocialistic states, the determination of the similarity and particular in the referendum's legislation and in the organization of the referendum and in the practice of the referendum. ; Статья посвящена сравнительно-правовому исследованию правового регулирования референдумов в постсоциалистических государствах, выявлению общего и особенного в их законодательном закреплении, а также в их организации и проведении на практике. ; Стаття присвячена порівняльно-правовому дослідженню правового регулювання референдумів в постсоціалістичних державах, визначенню загального й особливого в їх законодавчому закріпленні, а також в їх організації та проведенні на практиці.

The article is devoted to the comparative law research of the law regulation of the referendum in the postsocialistic states, the determination of the similarity and particular in the referendum's legislation and in the organization of the referendum and in the practice of the referendum. ; Статья посвящена сравнительно-правовому исследованию правового регулирования референдумов в постсоциалистических государствах, выявлению общего и особенного в их законодательном закреплении, а также в их организации и проведении на практике. ; Стаття присвячена порівняльно-правовому дослідженню правового регулювання референдумів в постсоціалістичних державах, визначенню загального й особливого в їх законодавчому закріпленні, а також в їх організації та проведенні на практиці.

Hanin M.S. International Merchant Shipping. Economics. Politics. – Moscow, Transport literature: TransLit publications, 2011. – 128 pp.International aspect has always been an inherent feature of mercantile marine and of its operation, nevertheless national interests of the respective states (non necessarily those of the flag) have also been of great importance. The own shipping resources ensure for national economics an independence of foreign trade, a certain autonomy regarding freight market situation. The reviewed book describes different aspects of this topic. ; Ханин М.С. Международное морское торговое судоходство. Экономика. Политика.– М.: ТрансЛит, 2011.– 128 с.Морской торговый флот и его деятельность всегда носили международный характер, но не менее существенны для них и национальные интересы своих стран. Наличие собственных ресурсов судоходства обеспечивает экономике каждого государства независимость внешней торговли, свободу от конъюнктуры фрахтового рынка. Различные аспекты этой темы раскрывает и иллюстрирует рецензируемая книга.

Introduction: The article represents the author's interpretation of the actor composition of implementing information policy in modern Russia. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the main conditions of interaction between state and non-state structures of the Russian Federation in the process of determining priorities and strategies for ensuring information security in Russia. The problem of this research is actualized by increasing dependence of the mass communication domestic system on modern global geopolitical threats and foreign policy challenges. Russia and Russian society need a set of effective tools and methods to ensure the security and stability of the mass communication system. Methodology and methods: The main methodology of this study is the principles of the communicative approach (N. Wiener, C. Deutsch). Besides, the ideas about the technological core of political communication find their scientific and practical application (S.V. Volodenkov, M. Castells, S.V. Schwarzenberg). The analysis of the combination of public political communication and the processes of administrative-state management is based on the conclusions, which are contained in the articles of G. Lassuela and O.F. Shabrov. The empirical basis of the research is the public opinion polls of "Levada Center". Analysis: The modern world is increasingly differentiated by the degree of information richness: the more the country is informationally open, the faster the production of new ideas, their inclusion in political decisions. The modern process of political communication has shifted to greater interactivity. Information policy, political regulation of the mass communication system becomes the leading sphere of management activities of state and non-state structures. Discussion: The indicative model development of politicalcommunicative interaction of information policy actors in the Russian Federation is hampered by a number of problems. Some of them are associated with established practices of political administration by state institutions of information processes. Other problems come from the unwillingness of civil structures to carry out the functions of public political management in the field of information security. The result is a decline in public confidence in political information and the Russian media. Results: The author proposes the main forms of coordinated interaction of state and non-state actors in the field of information regulation, ensuring the information security of the Russian Federation. The researcher substantiates the idea of the relationship of the mass communication system development with the formation of information and communication competencies of the Russian Federation population.

Recent years have seen the possibility of introducing into scientific circulation declassified documents of the highest state and political bodies, public organizations, and the spiritual directorates of Muslims, which until now were unknown in wide circles. They allow us to examine the forms and methods of activity of the Soviet state in building relationships with Muslims and to identify the directions, principles, and features of the work of state and public organizations in this sphere. A characteristic feature of religious policy in the late 1960s, one of the main conductors of which was the Council for Religious Affairs under the USSR Council of Ministers, established in December 1965, was the creation of a picture of the harmony of religious life and prosperity of religious organizations in the country. The Soviet Union demonstrated to the world that Soviet Muslims, like their coreligionists from other states, could go on Hajj to Saudi Arabia. The quantity of Hajj travelers from the USSR was extremely small and there was a huge disproportion not only between them and the number of Muslims who wanted to perform Hajj but also between the number of applications received by the organizers of the Hajj and the authorities, including the Council for Religious Affairs. At the same time, the heads of Muslim spiritual administrations could travel to Hajj several times. Analysis of archival documents discovered in 2022 showed the attitude to Muslims who made the Hajj from several angles: from the Soviet state, ordinary Muslims of the USSR, the authorities and Muslims of the countries visited by Soviet pilgrims during their journey, such as Sudan and Egypt. Very revealing is the attitude towards the Soviet pilgrims from the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ranging from ordinary people to the authorities, including the king.

Данная статья посвящена изучению коррупции как системного явления. В статье предложено авторское видение свойств коррупции как современного явления с учетом развития информационно-коммуникационных технологий. Уделено особое внимание исследованию неумышленного нарушения норм антикоррупционного законодательства государственными гражданскими служащими. Объяснены причины этого явления, которые кроятся как в несовершенстве действующего российского законодательства, так и в недостаточном уровне информационно-финансовой компетентности государственных гражданских служащих. На основе анализа российского антикоррупционного законодательства авторы сформулировали критерии, позволившие определить этапы развития сведений о доходах, расходах, об имуществе и обязательствах имущественного характера государственных гражданских служащих как важнейшего инструмента антикоррупционной политики. Разработаны авторские предложения, направленные на повышение эффективности борьбы с неумышленной коррупцией государственных гражданских служащих.

United States and the Soviet Union is a country on the part of allies who emerged as the winner during World War II. However, after reaching the Allied victory in the situation soon changed, man has become an opponent. United States and the Soviet Union are competing to expand the influence and power. To compete the United States strive continuously strengthen itself both in the economic and military by establishing a defense pact and aid agencies in the field of economy. During the Cold War the two are not fighting directly in one of the countries of the former Soviet Union and the United States. However, if understood, teradinya the Korean War and the Vietnam War is a result of tensions between the two countries and is a direct warfare conducted by the United States and the Soviet Union. Cold War ended in conflict with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as the winner of the country. ; United States and the Soviet Union is a country on the part of allies who emerged as the winner during World War II. However, after reaching the Allied victory in the situation soon changed, man has become an opponent. United States and the Soviet Union are competing to expand the influence and power. To compete the United States strive continuously strengthen itself both in the economic and military by establishing a defense pact and aid agencies in the field of economy. During the Cold War the two are not fighting directly in one of the countries of the former Soviet Union and the United States. However, if understood, teradinya the Korean War and the Vietnam War is a result of tensions between the two countries and is a direct warfare conducted by the United States and the Soviet Union. Cold War ended in conflict with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as the winner of the country.

This article is devoted to the consideration of the most effective ways of adapting the political, economic, cultural and humanitarian experience of the EU to maximize the harmonization and acceleration of the pace of integration processes that shaping the modern image of the Union State of Russia and Belarus. The article concretizes the main directions of EU integration activities, the theoretical and applied analysis of which would make a significant contribution to enhancing the effectiveness of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus within the framework of the Union State. In addition, the article examines key problems that to some extent impede the full development of the political dialogue between Russia and Belarus, on the one hand, and the states of the European Union, on the other. The authors conclude that the main problems facing the strengthening of the political dialogue between the Union State and the EU are the following: disagreements over ways and methods of settling the Ukrainian and Syrian crises; the energy factor and the conflicting approaches of the two sides to issues of humanitarian interaction and respect for human rights. ; Настоящая статья посвящена рассмотрению вопроса о наиболее эффективных способах адаптации политического, экономического и культурно-гуманитарного опыта ЕС в целях максимальной гармонизации и ускорения темпов интеграционных процессов, формирующих современный облик Союзного государства России и Беларуси. В частности, в статье конкретизируются основные направления интеграционной деятельности ЕС, теоретический и прикладной анализ которых позволил бы внести весомый вклад в повышение эффективности взаимодействия Российской Федерации и Республики Беларусь в рамках Союзного государства. Кроме того, в статье рассматриваются ключевые проблемы, в той или иной степени препятствующие полноценному развитию политического диалога между Россией и Беларусью, с одной стороны, и государствами Европейского союза - с другой. Авторы приходят к выводу, что основными проблемами, стоящими на пути укрепления политического диалога между Союзным государством и ЕС, можно назвать следующие: разногласия в отношении путей и методов урегулирования украинского и сирийского кризисов; энергетический фактор и несовпадающие подходы двух сторон к вопросам гуманитарного взаимодействия и соблюдения прав человека.