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Nicaragua has one of the lowest growth domestic products (GDP) growth rates in the Americas, since its economic crisis, which lasted from 1978 to 1994. This investigation conducts a growth diagnostics of the Nicaraguan economy in order to identify the causes to its low growth rates compared to other countries in the region, focusing on Central American countries. This tool explains and exposes the main economic, social and political factors that impede the economic growth of a particular country in a specific context in time; also, it lists elements that generate low income in economic activities, and high finance costs, which negatively affect private investment and entrepreneurship. Our findings permit the development of a more successful growth strategy by designing specific policies in order to tackle the existing problems and obtain productive investment, productivity and a higher growth rate. We propose some policy reforms to eliminate the binding constraints identified in Nicaragua, and to increase growth and development outcomes.

"Statistical analysis in surveys is generally facing missing data. In longitudinal studies for some missing values there might be past or future data points available. The question arises how to successfully transform this advantage into improved imputation strategies. In a simulation study the authors compare six combinations of cross-sectional and longitudinal imputation strategies for German wealth panel data. The authors create simulation data sets by blanking out observed data points: they induce item non response by a missing at random (MAR) and two differential non-response (DNR) mechanisms. We test the performance of multiple imputation using chained equations (MICE), an imputation procedure for panel data known as the row-and-column method and a regression prediction with correction for sample selection. The regression and MICE approaches serve as fallback methods, when only cross-sectional data is available. The row-and-column method performs surprisingly well considering the cross-sectional evaluation criteria. For trend estimates and the measurement of inequality, combining MICE with the row-and-column technique regularly improves the results based on a catalogue of six evaluation criteria including three separate inequality indices. As for wealth mobility, two additional criteria show that a model based approach such as MICE might be the preferable choice. Overall the results show that if the variables, which ought to be imputed, are highly skewed, the row-and-column technique should not be dismissed beforehand." (author's abstract)

Museum brand management is a practice increasingly used in the museum sector, at least at a primary level. The scarce academic literature on the subject has created the opportunity to approach museum brand management from a deeper perspective, including its brand identity. For this purpose, an online Delphi study consisting of three rounds of questions was developed. A total of 12 experts, from the public and private sector, as well as academia, participated in the process, which was carried out between 2019 and 2021. The main objective was to identify a brand identity model for museums and its adaptability to the post-COVID era from a theoretical point of view. The main dimensions that compose the agreed model are: the product, the person, the symbol, the organisation, the territory and the digital sphere. According to the experts, this model is versatile enough to be adapted to all museums, regardless of their type and size/structure. This study provides a theoretical validation of a brand identity model, and it also demonstrates a growing focus on marketing and brand management by experts and academics.

The article addresses the basic concepts of administrative liability for environmental crimes based on international experience and practice through the investigative method of sociological analysis. Administrative sanctions that have a positive effect on the existing legislation of countries and those that have a positive effect only in certain regions were identified. It is argued that there are administrative and legal norms that do not have much influence and effectiveness in addressing environmental problems based on the structural and comparative research methods of the system. The issue of the consciousness of man and society in violation of environmental law is emphasized as a kind of administrative responsibility due to logical-semantic and formal-logical research methods. The key elements of the effectiveness of administrative responsibility in the field of environmental crimes are highlighted. It is concluded that the analysis of the implementation of environmental policy and its relationship with the practice of administrative responsibility for environmental crimes through the use of a dialectical research method ensures maximum efficiency in the identification of the topics of this study.

1. Primera Reunion (20.Juni 1973, Lima): Primer Informe, IX,333 S.,; 6. Third Meeting (19.Nov.1973, Lima): General report to the governments of the member states, V,361 S.,; 8. Cuarta Renion (6.Maerz 1974, Washington): P.1: Documentos de trabajo, VI,716 S., P.2: Actas, III,533 S.,; 9. Fifth Meeting (5.Juni 1974, Washington): Minutes and working documents, IX,546 S.,; 10. Quinta Renion (15.Sept.1974, Washington): P.1: Documentos de trabajo, XI,640 S., P.2: Actas, VI,385 S.,; 12. Informe final a los gobiernos de los estados miembros, 1975, IV,154 S., P.1: Apendice, VI,584 S