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This study was conducted with the aims of: (1) describing the use of Tetun Language in East Timor former refugees community Manusak village and (2) describing the factors of Tetun Languages maintenance in Manuasak village. This research uses the sociolinguistic approach, the method used is descriptive qualitative method. The results of the study show that: (1) Tetun is still survives so far as it has migrated for 20 years from its native land. Of the 132 informants interviewed, 86.36% of informants used Tetun Language as a lingua franca with different age categories. For partner selection, 71.21% of informants use Tetun Language when communicating with family members and neighbors. Then 58% of informants use Tetun Language when communicating with family members, neighbors, and coworkers, while 21.21% of informants use the language when communicatin with family members, closest neighbors and game friends. The topics chosen were: (1) 59.09% of informants chose topic about daily life activities, 9.1% chose topics about daily life and some topics that are related to work, 14.4% of informants chose topics about daily life, economic topics, political topics, religious topics, and work topics, 6.81% of informants chose topics about daily life, topics about education, economic topics, political topics, topics about religion, and topics about work, and 10 , 60% of informants chose topics about daily life, topics about education, religious topics and work topics. For the domains of using Tetun Language, then Tetun Language is used in the family domain, neighborhood and at the workplace. Next are the factors caused the maintenance of Tetun Language: loyalty to mother tongue, pride in using Tetun Language , family supporting environment and regional conservation.

A língua Tetun2 é a língua oficial de Timor-Leste, juntamente com a língua portuguesa. O Tetun, de origem austronésia, é a língua franca de grande parte do território leste-timorense provavelmente desde a época anterior à chegada do colonizador português, no século XVI. O presente artigo possui o objetivo de contribuir para a pesquisa em ecolinguística ao realizar uma tentativa de mapear alguns elementos ecológicos e não ecológicos na gramática da língua Tetun. Assim, na seção (1), serão feitas algumas considerações teóricas sobre a ecolinguística, juntamente com a visão ecológica do sistema linguístico e a importância da identificação dos elementos ecológicos e não ecológicos nas línguas. Na seção (2), será feita a análise do sistema linguístico tetunófono de acordo com a teoria ecolinguística adotada e desenvolvida na seção anterior. Finalmente, em (3), serão apresentadas as considerações finais.

In Kamanasa, a former trading kingdom controlling the south coast of East Timor, the population is of different origins. These combine inter-island migratory movements linked to the past sandalwood and wax trade and migrations from mountain settlements in the hinterland, leading to a dual ethno-linguistic identification of groups either as Tetun or Bunaq. This politity of Kamanasa has been subjected to many upheavals from outside, from ancient times to the most recent Portuguese colonization, and to the Indonesian invasion in 1975. Yet ritual life has remained particularly vibrant, and although many aspects of traditional life have been disrupted, they have been rebuilt and strengthened since the country's independence in 2002. Today, due to the setting up by the government of a mega oil and gas project, local populations which are extremely attached to the customary management of their territories and their societies are faced to an accelerated development, in a context where post- independence adjustments are not yet complete. The question thus focuses on the changes at work in a complex local society confronted to an industrial development project, and on its cultural and social resilience, focusing on the question of the territory which is central to this rooted society. To address this question, the thesis is organized into five chapters. The first chapter lays the foundations for the understanding of the field and the subject, through the presentation of the settlement waves and of history, colonization, administration and landscapes. The second chapter focuses on the way local society is structured and on the different elements it puts forward in its organization, in particular the houses. The third chapter deals with the territory and its structuring, and in particular the way in which it is managed by rituals. The changes that society has undergone in the past will be approached on the basis of oral tradition narratives, which give a glimpse of different moments in the history of the kingdom, will be ...

In Kamanasa, a former trading kingdom controlling the south coast of East Timor, the population is of different origins. These combine inter-island migratory movements linked to the past sandalwood and wax trade and migrations from mountain settlements in the hinterland, leading to a dual ethno-linguistic identification of groups either as Tetun or Bunaq. This politity of Kamanasa has been subjected to many upheavals from outside, from ancient times to the most recent Portuguese colonization, and to the Indonesian invasion in 1975. Yet ritual life has remained particularly vibrant, and although many aspects of traditional life have been disrupted, they have been rebuilt and strengthened since the country's independence in 2002. Today, due to the setting up by the government of a mega oil and gas project, local populations which are extremely attached to the customary management of their territories and their societies are faced to an accelerated development, in a context where post- independence adjustments are not yet complete. The question thus focuses on the changes at work in a complex local society confronted to an industrial development project, and on its cultural and social resilience, focusing on the question of the territory which is central to this rooted society. To address this question, the thesis is organized into five chapters. The first chapter lays the foundations for the understanding of the field and the subject, through the presentation of the settlement waves and of history, colonization, administration and landscapes. The second chapter focuses on the way local society is structured and on the different elements it puts forward in its organization, in particular the houses. The third chapter deals with the territory and its structuring, and in particular the way in which it is managed by rituals. The changes that society has undergone in the past will be approached on the basis of oral tradition narratives, which give a glimpse of different moments in the history of the kingdom, will be ...

In Kamanasa, a former trading kingdom controlling the south coast of East Timor, the population is of different origins. These combine inter-island migratory movements linked to the past sandalwood and wax trade and migrations from mountain settlements in the hinterland, leading to a dual ethno-linguistic identification of groups either as Tetun or Bunaq. This politity of Kamanasa has been subjected to many upheavals from outside, from ancient times to the most recent Portuguese colonization, and to the Indonesian invasion in 1975. Yet ritual life has remained particularly vibrant, and although many aspects of traditional life have been disrupted, they have been rebuilt and strengthened since the country's independence in 2002. Today, due to the setting up by the government of a mega oil and gas project, local populations which are extremely attached to the customary management of their territories and their societies are faced to an accelerated development, in a context where post- independence adjustments are not yet complete. The question thus focuses on the changes at work in a complex local society confronted to an industrial development project, and on its cultural and social resilience, focusing on the question of the territory which is central to this rooted society. To address this question, the thesis is organized into five chapters. The first chapter lays the foundations for the understanding of the field and the subject, through the presentation of the settlement waves and of history, colonization, administration and landscapes. The second chapter focuses on the way local society is structured and on the different elements it puts forward in its organization, in particular the houses. The third chapter deals with the territory and its structuring, and in particular the way in which it is managed by rituals. The changes that society has undergone in the past will be approached on the basis of oral tradition narratives, which give a glimpse of different moments in the history of the kingdom, will be ...

In Kamanasa, a former trading kingdom controlling the south coast of East Timor, the population is of different origins. These combine inter-island migratory movements linked to the past sandalwood and wax trade and migrations from mountain settlements in the hinterland, leading to a dual ethno-linguistic identification of groups either as Tetun or Bunaq. This politity of Kamanasa has been subjected to many upheavals from outside, from ancient times to the most recent Portuguese colonization, and to the Indonesian invasion in 1975. Yet ritual life has remained particularly vibrant, and although many aspects of traditional life have been disrupted, they have been rebuilt and strengthened since the country's independence in 2002. Today, due to the setting up by the government of a mega oil and gas project, local populations which are extremely attached to the customary management of their territories and their societies are faced to an accelerated development, in a context where post- independence adjustments are not yet complete. The question thus focuses on the changes at work in a complex local society confronted to an industrial development project, and on its cultural and social resilience, focusing on the question of the territory which is central to this rooted society. To address this question, the thesis is organized into five chapters. The first chapter lays the foundations for the understanding of the field and the subject, through the presentation of the settlement waves and of history, colonization, administration and landscapes. The second chapter focuses on the way local society is structured and on the different elements it puts forward in its organization, in particular the houses. The third chapter deals with the territory and its structuring, and in particular the way in which it is managed by rituals. The changes that society has undergone in the past will be approached on the basis of oral tradition narratives, which give a glimpse of different moments in the history of the kingdom, will be ...

The diversity of national imaginings within the East Timorese resistance movement against the Indonesian Occupation (1975–99) became visible through the country's post-independence politics. Namely, the contradiction between the returnee leaders and those who fought in East Timor over the representation of FRETILIN (the major nationalist movement since 1974) has been an important fault line. This article attempts to understand this discrepancy through a comparison of FRETILIN's campaigns in Tetun and Portuguese and how different audiences interpreted them. The article argues that FRETILIN modified its international rhetoric when it became a popular Tetun language movement to attract Timorese commoners. The Tetun version of FRETILIN provided sources for Timorese national imaginings based on local beliefs, sacred landscapes, and Southeast Asian social relations that deviated from how international audiences understood FRETILIN. This article thus contributes to the literature on Southeast Asian resistance and nationalism by revealing Timorese ideologies of resistance and nationhood. (J Southeast Asian Stud / GIGA)

The strong motive of East Timor government to establish a national identity through education had brought serious issues. This writing primarily discusses about the drawbacks regarding to East Timor language policy in education sector during the period of 2000 – 2008. Spolsky's framework was employed to analyze the sociolinguistics situation, working of national/ethnic/other identity within the community, minority language rights and English role as a global language. The study was done by thorough library research in the related fields. The results show that while community language practice was ignored, the top-down language policy put more emphasis on Portuguese as the national identity language, Tetun Dili and English as the global language. As a result, the teachers and students were disadvantaged due to the inability to speak Portuguese, Tetun Dili and English. Second, the strong socio-historical context and political affinity to Portugal and its language had given little role to local languages in Mother Tongue Based-Multilingual Education.

East Timor obtained its independence through a referendum conducted by the United Nations (UN). The Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste (RDTL) was officially enacted on 20 May 2002. The language clause in Article 13 of the Constitution states that the official languages of East Timor are Tetun and Portuguese. Based on this, the government of East Timor put a policy in place, obligating all levels of the educational system to use only Portuguese in their activities. This policy, however, has faced fierce rejection, especially from private educational institutions, because of its inconsistency with the new reality According to data from the UN, less than 5 per cent of the Timorese population speak Portuguese. In this research, two legal issues emerged. The first is about language as a constitutional right of citizens. The second relates to the use of the Portuguese language in the education system in East Timor and its relation to human rights. To analyse the legal problems, this research utilises qualitative and legal methods. It can be successfully proven that, in the implementation of the language clause in East Timor, the government policy does not consider the legal principle of proportional justice and discriminates against Timorese people who use Tetun and other national languages, which should be encouraged by the nation. The conclusion is that the use of the Portuguese language violates constitutional rights and impedes the quality of education.

The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (East Timor) occupies the eastern half of the island of Timor, which lies north-west of Australia and within the eastern Indonesia archipelago. The population is approximately one million, of whom 45% are below the age of 15. Average life expectancy is 59.5 years and 50% of the population live below the national poverty line of US$0.88 per day. The official languages are Tetun and Portuguese, with Indonesian also used. The majority of the population are Catholic but also hold traditional animist beliefs.