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Constitution and State Responsibility (administrative law) are fairly close terms, not only because they coincide in the most determining aspects of their evolution and consolidation, but also because they both constantly dialogue and nourish each other reciprocally. In effect, the active role that the public administration began to have towards the end of the 18th century led to the need to establish limits to the exercise of power and to the idea that the latter should submit to the law. Additionally, respect for fundamental rights became a requirement for state authorities and a limit for their actions. With the emergence of modern constitutions and with the passage of the irresponsible State to the responsible State, the responsibility of the public administration increasingly becomes an important and effective mechanism to control and limit the exercise of power and to guarantee fundamental rights and the supremacy of the constitutional text, a circumstance that is also seen in the context of a democratic Constitution –like the Colombian Constitution of 1991–, in which the responsibility of the State contributes, in addition, to respect and fulfillment of the popular will expressed in the Politic Constitution. ; Constitución y responsabilidad Estatal (derecho administrativo) son términos bastante cercanos, no sólo porque coinciden en los aspectos más determinantes de su evolución y conso-lidación, sino también porque ambos dialogan constantemente y se nutren recíprocamente. En efecto, el papel activo que empezó a tener la administración pública hacia finales del S iglo XVIII condujo a la necesidad de establecer unos límites al ejercicio del poder y a la idea de que este último debía someterse al derecho. Adicionalmente, el respeto a los Derechos Fundamentales pasó a ser una exigencia para las autoridades estatales y un límite para sus actuaciones. Con el surgimiento de las constituciones modernas y con el paso del Estado irresponsable al Estado responsable, la responsabilidad de la administración pública se convierte cada vez más en un importante y efectivo mecanismo para controlar y limitar el ejercicio del poder y garantizar mate -rialmente los derechos fundamentales y la supremacía del texto constitucional, circunstancia que también se aprecia en el contexto de una Constitución democrática -como la colombiana de 1991-, en la que la responsabilidad del Estado contribuye, además, al respeto y al cumplimiento de la voluntad popular expresada en la Carta Política.

The objective of the investigation was to analyze some international experience in assessing the effectiveness of law enforcement in crime prevention. Methodologically, the dialectic method, typical of materialistic philosophy, was combined with scientific techniques of cognition. It is concluded that the basis for assessing the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in different countries is based on a set of quantitative and qualitative criteria; sometimes such criteria conflict with each other, as some are beneficial for bureaucratic reporting, while others reflect the public's interests. Public opinion, as one of the main criteria, is becoming increasingly important in assessing the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in some countries (e.g., the Slovak Republic), and in the US, France, Japan, Austria, and Italy, it is a traditional evaluation tool. Ambiguous is the use of statistics to assess the effectiveness of law enforcement in certain countries and Finally, there are countries where criminal statistics are a priority to determine the effectiveness of law enforcement and in others not.

This article presents briefly the role of credit rating in the financial markets. After it provides a first overview of the legislation outlined by the European legislator, in particular on the rules on civil liability of agencies in the event of dissemination of an erroneous credit rating. At the end, it exposes some of its shortcomings. ; El presente artículo, luego de exponer brevemente el rol de la calificación crediticia en los mercados financieros, brinda una primera panorámica sobre la normativa delineada por el legislador europeo, en particular sobre aquellas normas relativas al tema de la responsabilidad civil de las agencias en caso de difusión de una calificación crediticia errónea, y pone al descubierto algunas de sus deficiencias.

The objective of the research was to consider financial and legal, administrative regulations and international experience in the exercise of control over the activities of public administration bodies. The main evaluation measures are defined to ensure the effectiveness of control measures; this evaluation is carried out according to the following stages: determination of quantitative and qualitative parameters for assessing the effectiveness of control; evaluation of the competence of control bodies or evaluation of the effectiveness of internal and external control, etc. The methodological basis of the research is presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. In addition, it has been concluded that the following criteria are proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of public administration control bodies: quality and completeness, reliability of information received by control bodies; timeliness of control, regularity of control, objectivity of control, lightness of control measures.

Pensar la educación básica primaria en la ruralidad colombiana implica pensar en el modelo de la Escuela Nueva, el cual desde finales de los 70's y principios de los 80's se configuró como la propuesta educativa más importante para atender esta población. ¿Cómo nace? Y ¿qué la hizo tan llamativa y exitosa para convertirse en el Programa bandera de la educación básica primaria en el campo colombiano? Son los interrogantes principales que buscan ser discutidos en el presente artículo. La principal conclusión visibiliza el motor que le dieron las Agencias Internacionales, al reconocer en la Escuela Nueva una propuesta para el campo bajo las lógicas del progreso y desarrollo, que buscaban instaurar los principios y estrategias del mercado en la educación.

When the people are several the calls to be responsible for a same damage the question of the civil responsibility takes a new dimension that demands an independent and specialized legal treatment. In effect, in case of finding to us before the one assumption he makes specific illicit obligatory legal relation derived from a civil fact with object unit and plurality of creditors the question that considers is if the creditor could demand the totality of the benefit to each one of indebted - solidarity, or ifthe debit will be divided in the so many parts whatever is the indebted ones- joint obligation. For that reason, we will approach the treatment that as much the jurisprudence as the legislation has granted to the subject. ; Cuando son varias las personas llamadas a responder por un mismo daño la cuestión de la responsabilidad civil toma una nueva dimensión que exige un tratamientojurídico autónomo y especializado. En efecto, en caso de hallarnos ante el supuesto de una concreta relación jurídica obligatoria derivada de un hecho ilícito civil conunidad de objeto y pluralidad de acreedores la pregunta que se plantea es si el acreedor podría reclamar la totalidad de la prestación a cada uno de los deudores –solidaridad-,o bien si el débito resultará dividido en tantas partes cuantas sean los deudores–mancomunidad. Por ello, abordaremos el tratamiento que tanto la jurisprudencia como la legislación han concedido al tema.

The purpose of the research was to highlight the interaction between law enforcement agencies during the investigation of crimes in accordance with international standards. It also highlights the main areas of cooperation between law enforcement agencies in different States during the investigation of criminal offenses. Taking into account the great public danger of criminal offenses, it is worth noting that they have long since acquired a transnational character and it is therefore interesting to pay special attention to the issue of cooperation between the National Police of Ukraine and various international police organizations in the investigation of this category of criminal offenses. The methodological basis of the research is presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. Among the main conclusions, it draws attention to the necessity of the issue of strengthening cooperation between the operational units of the National Police of Ukraine engaged in the fight against criminal offenses and international police bodies engaged in operational and investigative activities, as a condition of possibility to combat crime in all its manifestations.

In this article we have studied the specific features of the liability of insolvency administrators for disciplinary offenses. The norms of the current legislation (in particular, the Bankruptcy Proceedings Code of Ukraine, the Tax Code of Ukraine, the Labor Code of Ukraine) regarding the determination of the legal status of insolvency officers and the specific features for bringing them to liability have been analysed in the article. The purpose of this research was to study problematic issues related to the liability of insolvency administrators. During the research general scientific methods, in particular dialectical, methods of analysis and synthesis, formal and legal, systematic approach have been used. It is concluded that disciplinary liability in the profession of insolvency officers in Ukraine is of mixed nature. It is partly civil, partly disciplinary and administrative liability -- in its essence -- and is not clearly regulated by the current legislation. Referring to the facts of bringing insolvency administrators to disciplinary liability even for a single offense has, on the one hand, elements of civil liability. On the other hand, disciplinary liability can also be imposed on insolvency administrators.

The article discusses the criminal responsibility for illegally organizing migration, using a comparative documentary-based methodology. Constant changes in public life suggest the need to improve states' criminal policy in the field of establishing responsibility for organizing illegal migration, both nationally and internationally. An analysis of the provisions of international criminal law makes it possible to consider various legal approaches to the criminalization of acts in the field of migration. The document underpins the need to develop a unified approach to determining the characteristics of the crime in question, as it is transnational. It is concluded that, regardless of the different approaches of States to recognize illegal population migration, the organization of this illegal activity, in the presence of certain signs, should be recognized as a crime. At the same time, the organization of illegal migration is defined as the commission by a criminal group (association of criminal groups) of actions aimed at creating the conditions for the illegal movement of foreign nationals across the state border or their illegal presence in each country.

The article is devoted to the study of the category of "force majeure" and the characteristics of the exemption from liability in circumstances of force majeure. In addition, the definition of force majeure in international normative acts is studied, the categories of force majeure, irresistible force and state of emergency are compared. The regime of grounds for exemption from liability and the place of force majeure in it are considered. The peculiarities of changing and terminating the contract as a result of a significant change in circumstances in case of force majeure in accordance with the legislation of European countries and Ukraine are analyzed. The article pays special attention to the qualification of circumstances as force majeure in the context of the anti-terrorist operation and the war in Ukraine. It is concluded that the concept of force majeure has its origin in Roman law and today it is known both in the civil and common law systems. From the time of Roman law, there was both a legislative regulation of exemption from liability for the occurrence of force majeure circumstances, as well as a contractual practice of formulating exemption from liability clauses.

The purpose of this article is to study the criminal liability of
medical professionals in cases of suspension, in accordance with
jurisprudence in Ukraine, the European Union and the United
States of America (USA). He made the comparative method.
According to the investigation, the number of criminal proceedings
in Ukraine by the authority and misconduct of medical doctors is
about 2% per population, my figure that rises to 30% in Europe
and is the stable yes in the US and is 28%. 32%. The main objective of the
article is often area identify specializations in the medical office occurs
with the mayor based on Ukrainian jurisprudence (data from Ukraine's
only state judicial decision register from 2016 to 2019). In addition, the
study analyses the impact of the main influences on the ability of medical
professionals for their professional functions. From counting the results
show that surgeons, gynecologists, paramedics, and anesthesiologists are
the most prone to deviation and medical error. Key proposed criteria have
been proposed as medical errors differ from medical writing.