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I will try to answer the question of whether Machine Translation (MT) can be considered a full translation process. I argue that, instead, it should be seen as part of a process performed by translators, in which MT plays a fundamental support role. The roles of translators and MT in the translation process is presented in an analysis that get its elements from Translation Studies and Translation Process Research. ; This Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the EDGE COFUND Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement no. 713567. This publication has emanated from research supported in part by a research grant from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) under Grant Number 13/RC/2077.

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit sind ethische Probleme der Translation in Konfliktsituationen. Die Translationsethik ist ein relativ junger Forschungsbereich der Translationswissenschaft und beschäftigt sich mit ethischen Anforderungen an das Verhalten der Translatorin in Translationssituationen. Ethisches Verhalten gilt ? neben Sprach- und Kulturkenntnissen ? als zentrale Kompetenz professioneller Translatorinnen. Von wissenschaftlicher Seite gibt es konkret für das Dolmetschen oder Übersetzen in Konfliktsituationen wenig bis keine Abhandlungen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Bedingungen vor allem des Dolmetschens in Konfliktsituationen beleuchtet und die Behauptung aufgestellt, dass ?gewöhnliche? ethische Anforderungen an die Dolmetscherinnen aufgrund der Ausnahmezustände, die das Setting Konflikt oder Krieg vorgibt, hinterfragt werden müssen. Ethische Herausforderungen, die Konfliktsituationen mit sich bringen, werden herausgearbeitet und da die Dolmetscherinnen in Konfliktsituationen meist Laiendolmetscherinnen sind, wird die Frage aufgeworfen, inwieweit auch diese imstande sind, sich ethisch zu verhalten. In einer empirischen Untersuchung wird die Situation der Dolmetscherinnen in Konfliktsituationen skizziert. Es werden dazu Leitfadeninterviews mit Dolmetscherinnen durchgeführt, die 1992-95 während des Krieges in Bosnien für internationale Institutionen dolmetschten. Da keine der Interviewpartnerinnen ein Dolmetschstudium absolviert hatte, können ihre Aussagen auch hinsichtlich des Umgangs von Laiendolmetscherinnen mit ethischen Werten untersucht werden. Das offensichtliche, stark ausgeprägte Bewusstsein der Dolmetscherinnen für ethische Fragestellungen, bringt die Autorin zu dem Schluss, dass ethische Werte eine Frage der Persönlichkeit und nicht von der Ausbildung abhängig sind. ; Dealing with ethics in translation is relatively new within translation studies. Translation ethics describe the ethical behavior of a translator in certain translating situations, which is ? besides the knowledge of both source and target language and culture ? a crucial qualification that makes a translator professional. This paper focuses on the ethical issues while interpreting or translating in conflict situations. Due to the novelty of the subject, there is only little academic literature. This paper examines the working conditions in conflict situations especially for interpreters and states that common expectations concerning their ethical behavior have to be questioned, because of the singularity of the setting conflict or war. Ethical challenges, coming along with those situations, are presented and the question is raised, whether non-professional translators as well ? most of the translators in conflict situations are non-professional ? are able to act ethically. An empirical study outlines the situation of interpreters of the war in Bosnia 1992-95. In unstructured interviews interpreters who worked for international organizations were consulted on their experiences. Since no sone of them has undergone interpreting training, their statements could be evaluated regarding how non-professional interpreters deal with ethicals values. Their evident and highly pronounced awareness of ethical questions shows that ethical behavior is established because of personality instead of training or education. ; vorgelegt von Sarah Geissbauer ; Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in engl. Sprache ; Text dt., Anh. teilw. bos. ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2011 ; (VLID)215534

This book explores the discourse in and of translation within and across cultures and languages. From the macro aspects of translation as an inter- cultural project to actual analysis of textual ingredients that contribute to translation and interpreting as discourse, the ten chapters represent different explorations of 'global' theories of discourse and translation. Offering interrogations of theories and practices within different sociocultural environments and traditions (Eastern and Western), Discourse in Translation considers a plethora of domains, including historiography, ethics, technical and legal discourse, subtitling, and the politics of media translation as representation. This is key reading for all those working on translation and discourse within translation studies and linguistics.

This project engages a cultural studies approach to translation. I investigate different thematic issues, each of which underscores the underpinning force of cultural translation. Chapter 1 serves as a theoretical background to the entire work, in which I review the development of translation studies in the Anglo-American world and attempt to connect it to subject theory, cultural theory, and social critical theory. The main aim is to show how translation constitutes and mediates subject (re)formation and social justice. From the view of translation as constitutive of political and cultural processes, Chapter 2 tells the history of translation in Vietnam while critiquing Homi Bhabha's notions of cultural translation, hybridity, and ambivalence. I argue that the Vietnamese, as historical colonized subjects, have always been hybrid and ambivalent in regard to their language, culture, and identity. The specific acts of translation that the Vietnamese engaged in throughout their history show that Vietnam during French rule was a site of cultural translation in which both the colonized and the colonizer participated in the mediation and negotiation of their identities. Chapter 3 presents a shift in focus, from cultural translation in the colonial context to the postcolonial resignifications of femininity. In a culture of perpetual translation, the Vietnamese woman is constantly resignified to suite emerging political conditions. In this chapter, I examine an array of texts from different genres - poetry, fiction, and film - to criticize Judith Bulter's notion of gender performativity. A feminist politics that aims to counter the regulatory discourse of femininity, I argue, needs to attend to the powerful mechanism of resignification, not as a basis of resistance, but as a form of suppression. The traditional binary of power as essentializing and resistance as de-essentializing does not work in the Vietnamese context. Continuing the line of gender studies, Chapter 4 enunciates a specific strategy for translating Annie Proulx's Brokeback Mountain into contemporary Vietnamese culture. Based on my cultural analysis of the discursive displacement of translation and homosexuality, I propose to use domesticating translation, against Lawrence Venuti's politics of foreignizing, as a way to counter the displacement and reinstate both homosexuality and translation itself.

Journalistic translation is the label for translation in news organizations – print and digital newspapers, magazines, audiovisual media, press syndicates, news agencies and other communication companies. Journalistic practices influence both the ways in the translation process and how journalistic messages are redrafted for specific audiences. Purely linguistic tasks are always secondary to providing information. The journalists' work consists of generating news, which may involve translation, understood in different ways. These do not always coincide with the traditional concept of translation since their aim may not be to reproduce an original text but rather to use it in order to create information for a specific medium with a given function. In journalistic production, translation is one of the skills needed for the production of new content. It is not considered a separate task from journalism but rather an integral part of it. The term journalistic translation may encompass various types of translation, and translation may be used flexibly according to the functional needs of each medium. Journalistic translation is also part of a juncture of political and economic interests. The communications industry controls the flow of international information -not only for economic reasons but also for ideological purposes- and journalistic production (news and opinion) have become a strategic and global product, sold and distributed in a trading system controlled by large corporations. Translation can help news organizations reach new audiences, and have a significant social impact.

There will always be good translators and there will always be a need for good translators. This commonplace statement has been challenged by the development of the markets, as a result of globalization of trade and technologies, outsourcing and flexibility. A TAUS (Translation Automation User Society) report from 2014 stated that there is a 250 million dollars industry waiting for translators. These are still many times viewed as non-professional people who know a language or two and can use dictionaries or google to translate. In fact, professions in multilingual communication have developed fast over the last two decades and the profile of the "translator" is much more complex, involving translators, interpreters, revisers, editors, subtitlers, localizers, terminologists, technical writers, product engineers and project managers. This revolution seems to demand for new skills. Where can they be obtained? In most European countries primary training of translators is developed in Higher Education Institutions. The European Union Association of Translation Companies met in Lisbon this year and explicitly reported the existence of a gap between the industry and the translation graduates. This leads us to believe that universities and polytechnics have to change their approaches in translator training and more synergies should be created. This presentation will propose a set of changes which may be able to reduce the gap between academic training and the demands of the labour market. Traineeships and internships for students and trainers are just one example of a good contribution for the employability of graduates who, more than ever, have to possess a vast set of skills and keep a high quality standard in their performance if they want to be job-ready. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The term translation policy has become problematic for the field of Translation Studies because it has meant so many things to so many authors that it threatens to lose some of its efficacy (see Meylaerts 2011a, 163–166). In light of this, the concept of translation policy should be developed so that it will be broad enough to account for diverse phenomena in different places with multiple agents, while retaining specific parameters that make the concept methodologically useful. This article will consider insights from Translation Studies and from other fields, especially from the field of Language Policy, in order to develop such a concept of translation policy. To illustrate how the understanding of translation policy that will be proposed may be used in a descriptive paradigm, the article will present translation policy in Scotland's local government as a case study.

This paper explores the use of general-purpose machine translation (MT) in assisting the users of computer-aided translation (CAT) systems based on translation memory (TM) to identify the target words in the translation proposals that need to be changed (either replaced or removed) or kept unedited, a task we term as "word-keeping recommendation". MT is used as a black box to align source and target sub-segments on the fly in the translation units (TUs) suggested to the user. Source-language (SL) and target-language (TL) segments in the matching TUs are segmented into overlapping sub-segments of variable length and machine-translated into the TL and the SL, respectively. The bilingual sub-segments obtained and the matching between the SL segment in the TU and the segment to be translated are employed to build the features that are then used by a binary classifier to determine the target words to be changed and those to be kept unedited. In this approach, MT results are never presented to the translator. Two approaches are presented in this work: one using a word-keeping recommendation system which can be trained on the TM used with the CAT system, and a more basic approach which does not require any training. Experiments are conducted by simulating the translation of texts in several language pairs with corpora belonging to different domains and using three different MT systems. We compare the performance obtained to that of previous works that have used statistical word alignment for word-keeping recommendation, and show that the MT-based approaches presented in this paper are more accurate in most scenarios. In particular, our results confirm that the MT-based approaches are better than the alignment-based approach when using models trained on out-of-domain TMs. Additional experiments were performed to check how dependent the MT-based recommender is on the language pair and MT system used for training. These experiments confirm a high degree of reusability of the recommendation models across various MT systems, but a low level of reusability across language pairs. ; This work is supported by the Spanish government through projects TIN2009-14009-C02-01 and TIN2012-32615.

When a Filipino interpreter commited suicide just three days after starting a new job with US Troops in the Philippines, his family's quest for answers galvanized a small but simmering anti-military movement. Through intimate interviews with the man's family and friends, and using dozens of documents released by the US Army in response to Freedom of Information Act requests, this story reconstructs the final days of this man's life, examines the mystery surrounding his death, and considers its impact on a region that is being profoundly shaped by militarization.

I still manage to surprise a few scholars from other fields when they hear that there is such a thing as research of gender issues within the field of translation studies. It may seem as such a narrow niche – but only deceivingly so. It is language, linguistics, pragmatics, culture, history, literature, anthropology, gender metaphorics, communication, interpreting, cultural politics, social studies and politics, psychology and I can go on and on. History seems to be a very appropriate starting point for my presentation, so let me go back to 1654.

When literary translation is involved, sociological approaches tend to devalue the aesthetic form of translated texts while framing them as social and political documents. Van Dyck analyzes literary representations of migration, one of the most pressing developments of our time, demonstrating how migrants engage in innovation linguistic practices and considering how a translator might render those practices. Two contemporary Greek novels -- one about Greeks in the United States, the other about Greek Alabanians in Greece -- create translingual spaces that are themselves translational as migrants use hybrid creoles that blend languages through transliteration and homophony, challenging the hegemony of standard dialects as well as monolingualism. Van Dyck questions existing English translations of these macaronic texts because they assume essentialist concepts of equivalence that dehistoricize the source texts. She instead proposes experimental translations that acknowledge their relative autonomy by introducing translingual patterning that is analogous but never identical to the migrants' linguistic innovations.

The continuing tension between the necessity and impossibility of translation is explored within the context of the Kashmiri movement for self-determination. In this situation of conflict, the central term azadi is intensely contested, with different parties to the conflict inflecting the term with their own politically motivated interpretations. In addition, the act of translation itself becomes politicized, with the Indian government, the Indian mainstream press, and minorities within Kashmir insisting that Kashmiris reveal the "real" meaning of azadi and Kashmiri protestors refusing to pin down its meaning, using its polyvalence as part of the movement repertoire. In this fraught situation, engaged translation by progressive intellectuals is necessary to move beyond mutually exclusive interpretations of azadi so that new futures for Kashmir can be imagined.

Following centuries of feminist struggle, centuries which have born witness to the close relationship between linguistic discrimination and social reality, there is a growing tendency in modern society to acknowledge the vital role played by language in overcoming gender discrimination. Political institutions are currently compensating by instituting the use of non-sexist language through legislative guidelines, and this makes an important contribution to social reform for equality between the sexes. Seeing that translation is so important for the creation of the collective identities on which modern global society depends, it is clear that non-sexist translation is crucial if there is to be non-sexist language. In this article I examine the potential of non-sexist translation in the struggle for gender equality from a both a theoretical and a practical viewpoint, and I end with a critical evaluation of non-sexist translation methods.

International audience ; Political and social violence can have destructive effects not only on individual subjects but also on their descendants. How can one construct oneself in the presence of a silent traumatic heritage? Can such trauma be symbolized and translated, and if so, how can this be accomplished? The study of the life path of Janine Altounian, the author of several works on the effect of violence transmitted across the generations, and herself a descendant of parents who escaped the Armenian genocide, shows us a subjective attempt to translate one such traumatic heritage. More generally, clinical work with refugees allows us to think about the use of translation in the cases of individuals whose subjective foundations have been severely damaged by the trials of the real. ; Les violences politiques et sociales ont le pouvoir d'engendrer des effets destructeurs sur le sujet mais, au-delà, sur sa descendance. Comment peut-on se construire lorsqu'on hérite de silences traumatiques ? Existe-t-il des possibilités de symbolisation et de traductions de ces traumatismes ? Et si oui, de quelle manière peuvent-elles s'instaurer ? L'étude de la trajectoire de Janine Altounian, auteur de plusieurs ouvrages sur les effets de ces violences transmises entre générations et elle-même descendante de parents rescapés du génocide arménien, rend compte des tentatives subjectives de traduction d'un héritage traumatique. Plus généralement, la clinique des réfugiés permettra d'envisager le déploiement de la traduction, à l'œuvre chez ceux dont les assises subjectives ont été profondément mises à mal par l'épreuve du réel.

International audience ; Political and social violence can have destructive effects not only on individual subjects but also on their descendants. How can one construct oneself in the presence of a silent traumatic heritage? Can such trauma be symbolized and translated, and if so, how can this be accomplished? The study of the life path of Janine Altounian, the author of several works on the effect of violence transmitted across the generations, and herself a descendant of parents who escaped the Armenian genocide, shows us a subjective attempt to translate one such traumatic heritage. More generally, clinical work with refugees allows us to think about the use of translation in the cases of individuals whose subjective foundations have been severely damaged by the trials of the real. ; Les violences politiques et sociales ont le pouvoir d'engendrer des effets destructeurs sur le sujet mais, au-delà, sur sa descendance. Comment peut-on se construire lorsqu'on hérite de silences traumatiques ? Existe-t-il des possibilités de symbolisation et de traductions de ces traumatismes ? Et si oui, de quelle manière peuvent-elles s'instaurer ? L'étude de la trajectoire de Janine Altounian, auteur de plusieurs ouvrages sur les effets de ces violences transmises entre générations et elle-même descendante de parents rescapés du génocide arménien, rend compte des tentatives subjectives de traduction d'un héritage traumatique. Plus généralement, la clinique des réfugiés permettra d'envisager le déploiement de la traduction, à l'œuvre chez ceux dont les assises subjectives ont été profondément mises à mal par l'épreuve du réel.