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These paper aims to enlighten the role displayed by the Tunisian presidential and parliamentary elections in the process of political liberalization on which Ben Ali embarked the country two decades ago. With this aim, the study analyses the electoral politics implemented in the country between 1989 and 2009, by focusing five analytical units. These are the following: I) the political strategies that inspires these electoral politics; II) the normative elements that support and materialize them; III) their impact in the political behaviour of the opposition parties; IV) their effect on the electoral results; and V) their transcendence over the development of the structure of political contestation. Adapted from the source document.

Argentina, llamada el país europeo de América Latina, cuenta en la actualidad con un enorme patrimonio heredado del mundo árabe. Cercanías que se remontan a la historia, al rol de España en la epopeya fundacional de América, enriquecidas con el aporte inmigratorio mediterráneo y un gran número de argentinos de origen árabe que habitan tierra argentina. Si bien Argentina y Túnez poseen una herencia cultural e histórica próxima, hoy, Túnez no conoce a Argentina, y Argentina no conoce a Túnez.Cabe aclarar que la investigación, la cual se desarrolló en un medio de fuentes de información inédita, se enmarcará desde una mirada tunecina hacia un desafío de mayor integración argentina en este país perteneciente al mundo árabe.Tomando en consideración el análisis de las áreas Cultura, Comercio y Tecnología, se deduce que entre Túnez y Argentina existe en la actualidad una relación bilateral escasa, pero con características prometedoras. Es evidente que el gran potencial en todas las áreas investigadas propicia una base favorable para una inserción sostenible en Túnez. Con el acercamiento cultural, comercial, político y tecnológico, Argentina y Túnez, pueden ganar grandes oportunidades de intercambio, con la posibilidad de una amplia expansión. Túnez, al ser un país que posee una posición estratégica privilegiada en la confluencia de tres continentes, y al mantener importantes acuerdos con los países de su entorno, representaría un trampolín, un nexo entre Argentina y los mercados africanos, árabes y europeos.

Forty-two years of dictatorship in Libya ended in October 2011. It took the Western-backed armed uprising seven months of fighting against Qaddafi's loyal forces. The fall of his regime is a welcome event in the Middle East and northern Africa. But, unlike Tunisia or Egypt, Libya does not have a standing army or a reliable force that can bring the stability needed for a political transition. The tribal nature of Libya and the difficulty of disarming the rebels and other groups pose serious challenges to the new authorities in Tripoli. Unless these difficulties are handled properly, Libya will face a long period of uncertainty. Adapted from the source document.

This paper identifies some of the consequences of the first phase of political transition for the repositioning of social actors and forces in the foreign policies of Tunisia and Egypt. The Palestinian and Syrian files and the economic crisis serve to explain differences in how the political change has conditioned the foreign behavior of the respective transition governments. These three issues link the political transition to questions of the power balance in the regional and international spheres. The paper shows that even if social forces (both national and international) did not directly influence the decisions of the post-revolutionary governments, they were active and influential in the debate over the redefinition of national interests. Adapted from the source document.

Tras la inmolacion del joven Mohamed Bouazizi, en varios Estados del norte de Africa se iniciaron una serie de protestas que provocaron la caida de los regimenes autoritarios en Tunez, Libia y Egipto. Las autoridades que asumieron provisionalmente el poder, tras reconocer una serie de derechos y libertades publicas a los ciudadanos, organizaron procesos electorales dirigidos a democratizar sus instituciones y posibilitar la elaboracion de nuevos textos constitucionales. El presente estudio analiza y compara, desde una perspectiva juridica, las normas electorales que se utilizaron en los procesos de transicion democratica en los tres citados paises After the immolation of young Mohamed Bouazizi, a series of protests in several States of North Africa began that forced the fall of the authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. Authorities who temporarily took the power organized electoral processes aimed to democratize its institutions and allow the development of new constitutional texts after recognizing several rights and liberties to citizens. This study analyses and compares, from a legal perspective, the electoral rules used in the processes of democratic transition in the above mentioned countries. Adapted from the source document.

Specialists used to study Tunisia's political system for its longevity and stability. It was an "almost perfect" authoritarian state: the Ben Mi regime simulated consensus among different sectors, accommodating them and making compromises, while maintaining a virtual police state. Few specialists foresaw the 2010-2011 revolution. The crisis did not suddenly occur; rather it was a product of a lengthy political cycle. "Cracks" in the system appeared, which provoked increasing scrutiny of the sources of the legitimacy of its power. Beyond conspiracy theories and romantic visions of revolution, this paper examines the emergence of an opposition movement over a long period of time, and tries to avoid interpreting the overthrow of Ben Mi as solely the result of a series of events. Adapted from the source document.