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Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — Whether provisions of Dutch Road Traffic Act apply to offences committed by nationals abroad — Whether any requirement that offence be punishable under law of place of commission — The law of the Netherlands

Human rights — Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment — Constitutional provisions — Prohibition of inhuman or degrading punishment — Whipping of adult male offenders — Whether in contravention of human rights — Relevance of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 and decisions of European Court of Human Rights — The law of Zimbabwe

Jurisdiction — The air space — Hijacking of aircraft to forum State — Last phase of hijacking taking place in territory of forum State — Whether sufficient to establish jurisdiction — Principle of absolute sovereignty over air space — The law of AustriaThe individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Freedom of emigration — Whether right protected by international law — Attempt to flee country — Hijacking of aircraft — Defence of necessity — The law of Austria229Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Hijacking of aircraft to forum State — Last phase of hijacking taking place in territory of forum State — Whether sufficient to establish jurisdiction — Principle of absolute sovereignty over air space — Offences committed by Romanians attempting to flee to the West — Defence of necessity — Freedom of emigration — Whether a right protected by international law — The law of Austria