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An examination of how race has been used by groups as a way of exercising political power over others. The social construction of behavioral notions about racial groups that this process has involved is traced from the era of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, arguing that it was not in Africa but on the other side of the Atlantic that two races were constructed -- white & black -- & assigned the status of superior & inferior, respectively, regardless of their legal status. This construction was used as a policy instrument by Western imperialism in Africa, as well as in Asia & the US. Further, it is argued that this construct succumbed only after WWII. Its demise has been accompanied by the pretense that it never existed. R. Jaramillo

The cultural and ethno-linguistic diversity, of Southeast Asia as a whole is reflected in the heterogeneous character of the populations of the individual states of the region, and everywhere problems associated with multi-lingualism and multiculturism challenge the authority of centralised governments. Modern education has increasingly come to be used as a means to confront and overcome these problems. Governments have sought to inculcate an acceptance of and a compliance with prevailing political systems, to detach disparate communities from their distinctive cultural affinities, and to promote a sense of national identity through formal public instruction. The purpose of this paper is to place modern education in Southeast Asia within its historical context, and to consider the ways in which several governments have used public instruction to achieve political ends.

ABSTRACTLaw is an instrument which can be used by central government to influence its environment, including other levels of government. This paper examines a number of fundamental questions about the nature of legal influence upon local authorities in Britain. Legislation affects local authorities in a variety of ways: through making direct reference to local authority organisations and the services they provide; through affecting all large organisations, public or private; and through affecting the organisations and individuals with which local authorities interact. In the 1970s a large proportion of legislation was concerned with the financial aspects of local services. Relatively few laws make substantive changes in the legal framework within which local authorities operate and much legislation can be categorised as 'anodyne'. However, particular items of legislation can produce such substantive changes in public policies and in the powers of different organisations within government.

Law is an instrument that can be used by central government to influence its environment, including other levels of government. A number of fundamental questions are examined about the nature of legal influence on local authorities in GB. Legislation affects local authorities in a variety of ways: making direct reference to local authority organizations & the services they provide; affecting all large organizations, public or private; & through affecting the organizations & individuals with which local authorities interact. In the 1970s, considerable legislation was concerned with the financial aspects of local services. Relatively few laws make substantive changes in the legal framework within which local authorities operate. However, particular items of legislation can produce such substantive changes in public policies & in the powers of government organizations. 6 Tables, 43 References. HA

Impact of legislation concerned largely with financial aspects of local services on local authorities; 1970-79; Great Britain

Ownership in the public sphere has policy and analytical significance in the exercise of public power. The last 30 years have witnessed several notable trends involving ownership and regulation, public and private law, financial outlays and returns, shareholders and stakeholders, and principals and agents. The trends are identified and addressed, leading to suggested lines of ownership-based research on power, leadership and organisational maturity in and beyond government.

Ownership in the public sphere has policy and analytical significance in the exercise of public power. The last 30 years have witnessed several notable trends involving ownership and regulation, public and private law, financial outlays and returns, shareholders and stakeholders, and principals and agents. The trends are identified and addressed, leading to suggested lines of ownership-based research on power, leadership and organisational maturity in and beyond government.