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International audience ; This paper highlights the status of women as well as their involvement in the activities related to market gardening in Benin. The data collected in this study come from two main sources. The first part of the data was collected from some vegetable producers cooperatives through semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Information gathering was conducted from north to south of Benin on nine different research sites with leaders of 54 producer associations through interviews. these groups were chosen in a reasoned way, ensuring that they are composed of both women and men. The second part of the data was obtained from the directions of the human resources departments of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and completed by those obtained from the Ministry of Public Labor. The descriptive statistics were performed with the SPSS software. The discourse analysis was utilized as a method of analysis of all the information gathered from both producer groups that government institutions. This paper came out that women are involved in farmers associations as well as government institutions in connection with the agricultural sector. Although it is obvious, they are not sufficiently represented as men in these different entities and are not really involved in decision making processes. It is therefore imperative to bridge the gap between men and women in agriculture generally and market gardening especially. To this end, it is significant to develop policies and a regulatory framework to fight gender inequality. This will ensure equal access to resources, and the same support through agricultural programs and projects. In turn, this will improve women membership to farmers associations and their representativeness in government institutions.

Throughout the history of all civilizations at least until very recently, the most fundamental values at the basis of societal organization and culture were determined and sanctified almost exclusively by men - including the values traditionally associated with women, such as corporeal beauty, purity, motherhood, or empathy. However, from the ancient times already, and increasingly toward the end of the second millennium, women have always found ways to overcome the limits set to them by the ...

Les femmes sont plus présentes au vin que les études ne le laisseraient croire. Les documents probants manquent moins que la détermination des savants qui s'adonnent à l'entretien des opinions traditionnelles comme s'il en allait de la place des femmes dans la société contemporaine. Pour qui ne croise pas une théorie de l'image et une vision de la femme athénienne au vin aussi improbables l'une que l'autre les femmes ne sont ni exclues du vin ni cantonnées à des opérations de manipulation et ni tenues à l'écart de sa consommation.
Elles occupent une place éminente au vin dans la cité : autour du pressoir, auprès du pithos et au symposion. Elles s'impliquent dans toute l'existence du vin. En cité, le vin appartient aux femmes comme aux hommes sans que l'harmonie règne entre les sexes autour du vin. Au milieu d'enjeux socio-politiques, le vin témoigne de sa centralité dans la cité.

Patterns of women's position in households around 1900 in two industrial textile cities, Manchester, New Hampshire, USA and Roubaix, France are compared by analysis of nominal census records. Occupation and national origin are examined in relation to household position over life cycle. For the great majority of women in both cities, the customary residential pattern was that of a familial or surrogate familial setting. Nevertheless, there were proportionately more women living alone or as heads of their own households in Roubaix than in Manchester. Transition into the labor force by native born women was not generally accompanied by departure from parents' households, but there were different patterns of work and residence for young migrant women. These were boarding and lodging in Manchester, servanthood in Roubaix. The latter pattern was connected with proportionately more solitary women in older age groups. In both cities, the most common form of woman-headed household was that of older women who lived with their unmarried children. The familial stratégies which enabled older women to continue headship of their households also prevented young women from living alone. It was older women who were most likely to live alone when thèse stratégies failed.

Acknowledging the importance of gender studies for a rethinking of concepts such as democracy and citizenship, this article focuses on the development of the principle of equality of opportunities between men and women in postcommunist Romania. More precisely, starting from a case study that analyzes the functioning of the parliamentary commissions for equality of opportunities, this study seeks to analyze how Romanian society internalized gender equality. In this framework the author asserts that there is a gap between the institutional discourse and the daily realities and that the authorities still lack a coherent strategy for overcoming traditional attitudes concerning women's status within society. Considering the important role of international and regional organizations in transposing equality of opportunities in national legislation, this article provides a necessary insight into the dynamics of this principle within the United Nations and the European Union. The case study is based on an analysis of legal sources governing the functioning of the parliamentarian commissions, as well as on interviews with some of its members, seeking to reveal their goals and their comprehension of gender equality.

The present article focuses on the connections between the National Council of Women (NCW) and the International Council of Women (ICW) during half a century. The research was made in the Centre of Archives for the History of Women from Brussels and brings to life the official correspondence between the Romanian feminists and the personalities of ICW and other documents preserved in these Archives. This study stresses the importance of Romanian feminism on international level, presents the contributions of Romanian feminists to the activities of the ICW before and during the World War Two and analyzes the essays of Romanian feminists to reconnect the National Council to the International organization during the communism.