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IN THIS ARTICLE A CAUSAL MODEL IS DEVELOPED THAT EXPLAINS THE UNEQUAL LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURAL VARIABLES. THE MODEL IS TESTED USING EMPIRICAL DATA ON 84 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FROM THE 1960S, 1970 AND 1980S AND APPLYING A MULTI-SAMPLE LISREL ANALYSIS. THE MODEL APPEARS TO FIT THE DATA FOR THE ENTIRE PERIOD RATHER WELL. IN AN ATTEMPT TO ANALYZE THE CHANGES OF THE WORLD SYSTEM OVER THE LAST SEVERAL DECADES, HYPOTHESES WERE FORMULATED CONCERNING CHANGES IN THE FORM OF DEPENDENCE, DEMOCRATIZATION IN THE THIRD WORLD, AND THE TENDENCY OF THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES TO DIVERSIFY THEIR PRODUCTION. THE RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS INDICATE THAT THE EXPECTED CHANGE FROM "CLASSICAL" TO "MODERN" DEPENDENCE IS CORROBORATED BY THE DATA. NO SUCH CHANGE WAS APPARENT WHERE POLITICAL REPRESSION WAS CONCERNED. FINALLY, THE CAUSAL CHAIN OF PRIMARY COMMODITY CONCENTRATION, EXPLOITATION, DOMESTIC CAPITAL FORMATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT APPEARED TO EXHIBIT SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OVER THE 1965-92 PERIOD.

In this article a causal model is developed that explains the unequal level of economic development of Third World countries on the basis of structural variables. The model is tested using empirical data on 84 developing countries from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s and applying a multi-sample LISREL analysis. The model appears to fit the data for the entire period rather well. In an attempt to analyse the changes of the world system over the last several decades, hypotheses were formulated concerning changes in the form of dependence, democratization in the Third World, and the tendency of Third World countries to diversify their production. The results of the analysis indicate that the expected change from `classical' to `modern' dependence is corroborated by the data. No such change was apparent where political repression was concerned. Finally, the causal chain of primary commodity concentration, exploitation, domestic capital formation and economic development appeared to exhibit significant changes over the 1965-92 period.

How can we understand and interpret culture today? This concept – often referred to the 'centre of gravity' of the cognitive strate gies developed by human sciences1 to analyse phenomena such as the dynamics of social interactions, the performances and functioning of the politicaleconomic systems, grand and minor historical transformations, appears to be facing a theoretical identity crisis [Santoro, 2000].

Abstract. This conceptual paper describes world-systems theory that is a socioeconomic and political approach that explains the economic development and dynamics of capitalistic world economy. In particular, this study clarifies international market trade, economic division of labor and other relationships between core and periphery areas. Some limitations of this approach conclude this study.Keywords. World-Systems Analysis, World Economy, World Market, Capitalistic World Economy, Core-Periphery areas.JEL. F63, O10, O20.

This article addresses three questions on modernity. Can "the premodern" and "the modern" be differentiated in the historical process? If they can, what is the relationship between "the premodern" and "the modern"? And what will become of these relationships in the future? This article attempts to answer these questions by criticizing the world‐system theory and considering some of the experiences of the modernization process in Japan. The world‐system theory has tried to relativize social theories from advanced societies in the global perspective. However, the world‐system, born during the long 16th century, was defined from the start as modern and capitalist. Therefore, logically this theory cannot adequately grasp the modernization process. To overcome this challenge, this article first accepts the differentiation between "the premodern" and "the modern" and defines modern society as one in which "the modern" is not exclusive but dominant. Second, this article turns to some of the Japanese experiences of "modernization", particularly in industrial relations. This article asserts that a Japanese‐style society tends to keep "the premodern" over a longer term and to replace "modern" relations with "the premodern" ones in management. The author defined this process as informalization. Third, this article stresses that since the late 1990s with globalization, informalization is no longer derived from original "premodern" relations, which are nowadays reproduced by capital. An example of this is the "black company." This article notes, finally, that capitalism is likely to reproduce premodern forms for its duration.

This article examined how social media content has shaped the representation of countries for publics around the world. Based on world system theory, the study investigated the underlying predictors of country mentions on X (formerly Twitter) in 2018. It confirmed that countries with greater economic power – or higher status in the world system – received more mentions. Furthermore, countries with larger populations were mentioned more frequently as were countries that experienced major conflicts. The findings from structural equation modeling shed new light on the interrelationships that drive the social media representation of individual countries and delineated an integrated Model of Country Mentions on X. These findings have implications for global leaders, policymakers, and social media firms.

This research paper mainly deals with the villagers' perception about diseases which are commonly found in the village. It also contains a discussion on the existing position regarding mode of treatment in the village. The research was conducted in VillageZandra, District Ziarat in the province of Baluchistan. An effort has been made to find out the medical system working in the village which included both beliefs and perceptions related to health and illness and also the activities which natives have adopted or developed to maintain and restore their health. Initially the natives were using traditional and spiritual healing systems, but now, as their economic condition and literacy rate are improving they are more inclined towards the modern methods of treatment. During the last 3 decades few changes have been witnessed. Shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the use of allopathic medicines due to which the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. This research paper would explore the application of world systems analysis to the health care systems. While discussing the relationship between the developed and underdeveloped countries on health related issues most of the writers have used the term political economy of health. This term refers to the analysis of health policy and the development, health service in a broader macro-economic and political context. This article will analyze these changes in light of world system theory at micro level. The data presented in this paper has been collected by using qualitative anthropological research techniques.

(First published in French as "Un Systeme-monde," in L'Information Geographique, 1990, 54, pp 45-52.) The world-system is defined as humankind in its spatial interaction & conjunction. In historical terms, the world-system is a recent development. For it to emerge, several conditions had to come together: the knowledge that the earth is round & of its major natural & human distributions, with their limits & systems of organization; that information can travel over its entire expanse & that communications are established between all its various parts. The elements & characteristics that define geographical systems are found in the world-system. It is made up of "pavements," networks, centers of impetus, a global metropolitan "archipelago" & "backyards" of the world-system. The global space is formed by the interaction of two arenas: international diplomatic relations & transnational economic flows. The global space is currently dominated by three or four centers that make up the world oligopoly. Present-day globalization leads simultaneously to the accentuation of differences, in demographic behavior, standards of living & ways of life, & to the erosion of cultural diversity. In its oversimplified interactions in the world-system, humankind cannot dissociate itself from its support background, the Earth-system. Adapted from the source document.

Two different connotations of the word "civilization" are examined, along with their terminological histories: (1) a singular usage with positive implications that stresses the process by which humankind's "savage" nature was tamed; & (2) a more plural & neutral usage that describes separate worldviews, customs, structures, & cultures, & how they form a kind of historical whole. Various treatments of the problem of the ambiguity of civilization/civilizations are reviewed, & the relevance of the concept to the problems of the late twentieth century is assessed. Several alternative futures are examined, & the possibility & moral desirability of an egalitarian world are discussed. 13 References. K. Hyatt