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Over 1975-2003 nearly 200 new constitutions were drawn up in countries at risk of conflict, as part of peace processes and the adoption of multiparty political systems. The process of writing constitutions is considered to be very important to the chances of sustaining peace, and The Commonwealth and the US Institute for Peace have developed good practice guidelines in this area. These emphasize consultation, openness to diverse points of view and representative ratification procedures. But assessing the impact of constitution-writing processes on violence is methodologically difficult, since there are many channels of influence in the relationship. This paper reports on preliminary findings from an ongoing research project into the effects of processes in constitution-writing. Regression analysis is used to control for important contextual features such as differences in income levels and ethnic diversity across countries. A key finding is that differences in the degree of participation in the drafting of constitutions has no major effect on post-ratification levels of violence in some parts of the world, such as Europe, but does make a difference in Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific together. – constitutions ; Commonwealth ; democracy ; governance

Spatial Science and its Traditions -- Literature Reviews -- Research Questions -- Data and Methods in Spatial Science -- Graduate Degree Proposals -- Grants and Grant Writing -- Disseminating Research -- Reflections on Proposal Writing in Spatial Science -- Model Proposals -- Theses I and II: Human Systems-Qualitative -- Dissertation I: Human Systems -- Dissertation II: Geo-Techniques -- Dissertation III: Physical Systems -- Extramural Grant I: Research -- Extramural Grant II: Instrumentation -- Extramural III: Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant -- Intramural Grants -- Index.

JAMES MADISON IS WIDELY ALTHOUGH SOMEWHAT INACCURATELY KNOWN AS THE "FATHER OF THE CONSTITUTION" AND THE FOUNDER OF PLURALISM IN AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE. HE IS EQUALLY ALTHOUGH LESS WIDELY KNOWN AS ONE OF THE FOUNDERS OF THE AMERICAN PARTY SYSTEM AND AN ADVOCATE OF A MORE PARTICIPATORY AND COMMUNITARIAN THEORY OF POLITICS. BOTH OF THESE CHARACTERIZATIONS ARE WELL FOUNDED. THE FIRST IS BASED LARGELY ON MADISON'S CAREER UP TO 1789, PARTICULARLY HIS COLLABORATOIN WITH ALEXANDER HAMILTON AND CO-AUTHORSHIP OF THE FEDERALIST PAPERS; THESE WERE THE ACTIVITIES CONNECTED WITH WHAT POLITICAL SCIENTISTS USUALLY CALL THE "MADISONIAN SYSTEM," THE THEORY OF WHICH IS BEST KNOWN FROM FEDERALIST 10. THE SECOND DERIVES FROM MADISON'S CONDUCT IN THE 1970S AND HIS WRITINGS FOR THE REPUBLICAN PRESS, ACTIVITIES WHICH HELPED TO ESTABLISH A VERY DIFFERENT POLITICAL SYSTEM. THE PARTY SYSTEM IS A SECOND MADISONIAN SYSTEM, WHICH CONTRADICTS THE FIRST IN BOTH THEORY AND PRACTICE. THE PLURALISM OF MADISON THE FEDERALIST FAVORED THE MULTIPLICATION OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INTERESTS, IN ORDER TO FACILITATE COMPETENT GOVERNMENTAL CONTROL AND DIRECTION OF THESE INTERESTS. THE PARTY SYSTEM OF MADISON THE REPUBLICAN DISPLAYED MORE CONFIDENCE IN THE POLITICAL COMPETENCE OF CITIZENS OUTSIDE GOVERNMENT, AND FAVORED THE CONSOLIDATION OF SOCIAL "INTERESTS AND AFFECTIONS" TO CONTROL AND DIRECT GOVERNMENT.

The idea that the digital age has revolutionized our day-to-day experience of the world is nothing new, and has been amply recognized by cultural historians. In contrast, Stephen Robertson's BC: Before Computers is a work which questions the idea that the mid-twentieth century saw a single moment of rupture. It is about all the things that we had to learn, invent, and understand - all the ways we had to evolve our thinking - before we could enter the information technology revolution of the second half of the twentieth century. Its focus ranges from the beginnings of data processing, right back to such originary forms of human technology as the development of writing systems, gathering a whole history of revolutionary moments in the development of information technologies into a single, although not linear narrative.

In certain areas of social science and the humanities, Foucault has had an enormous influence in recent years. In particular, history, feminist and gender research, literary studies, philosophy, politics, psychiatry, and sociology have not been able to ignore the radical interventions of Foucault's attempts to think the unthought. Organization theory has not been immune to Foucault's constant challenge to what is taken for granted and his skeptical views of the work of what he named `universal intellectuals', who claim to speak on behalf of individuals, groups or populations. Foucault's skepticism about historicist and totalizing systems of thought and practice fits the era. His demand is that we question conventional thinking not because it is necessarily wrong but because it is dangerous. Contrasted with the way that much organization theory simply uses Foucault as a convenient resource, this article attempts to push organizational analysis toward Foucault until the pips squeak.

Finding the law -- The federal and state court systems -- Statutory law -- Case law and judicial opinions -- Locating cases through digests, annotated law reports, and words and phrases -- Encyclopedias, periodicals, treatises, and restatements -- Miscellaneous secondary authorities -- Legal citation form -- Updating and validating your research -- Special research issues -- The digital library : Lexis advance, Westlaw, and other nonprint research sources -- E-Research : legal research using the internet -- Overview of the research process -- Back to basics -- Strategies for effective writing -- Legal correspondence -- Legal memoranda -- Legal briefs -- Postwriting steps.

James Clifford's Partial Truths is an introduction to an anthropological collection of essays, perceived as illustrative of a historical and theoretical movement, of a conceptual shift, consisting in a sharp separation of form from content to its utmost degree, the fetishizing of form. (Carstea 2021: 52) Ethnography, a hybrid activity, thus appears mainly as writing, as collecting. Viewed most broadly, perhaps, it is a mode of travel, a way of understanding and getting around in a diverse world that, since the sixteenth century, has been cartographically unified. I will argue, in concurrence with the postmodernist tenets of anthropology, put forth by James Clifford, that ethnographic knowledge could not be the property of a single discourse or discipline: the condition of off-centredness in a world of distinct meaning systems, a state of being in culture while looking at a culture, permeates postmodernist writing. Thus, to an important degree, the truth recorded is a truth provoked by ethnography, as Clifford acknowledges. The fictional, fashioned self is invariably associated with its culture and its language, namely its coded modes of expression. The subjectiveness he finds is "not an epiphany of identity freely chosen, but a cultural artefact," (Greenblatt 2008: 257) because the self manoeuvres within possibilities and constraints offered by an institutionalised assortment of collective codes and practices. I will conclude that ethnographic truths cannot be other than inherently partial and incomplete, a fact which justifies and substantiates the experimental, artisanal quality tied to the work of writing, of cultural accounts. Textualization engenders meaning by way of a circuitous movement which insulates and subsequently adds context to an event or fact in its engulfing reality. Ethnography is the interpretation of cultures.

As the author points out, the Andean and Mesoamerican communication systems, predominantly oral, did not lend themselves to supraregional intellectual exchange. The introduction of writing by Europeans transformed the American system of communication

"Race Writing in the Internet Age" argues that the intensified forms of global economic integration made possible by Internet technologies have defined contemporary "postrace" narratives—narratives that, in turn, both formally embody and thematically challenge the racial ideologies that subtend this integration. The Japanese coders, South Asian hackers, "cyber coolies," African-American app designers, Korean- and Taiwanese-American social media addicts, and Nigerian "yahoo boys" who populate the contemporary American novel elaborate key contradictions between the "postracial" world of social technology and the global wage differentials that attend and make possible the Internet itself. In novels by Teju Cole, Bharati Mukherjee, Ruth Ozeki, Ed Park, Ishmael Reed, Gary Shteyngart, Colson Whitehead, and others, race disappears into a colorblind Web run through apparently abstract software algorithms, only to reappear in the wage gap between developed and undeveloped nations. However, these novels do not simply construct race in accordance with capitalist imperatives: they also sublimate technology into form, in ways that must change inherited understandings of the contemporary novel's relation to the information and communication technologies alongside which it came of age. Reading the "postrace" novel in light of new interdisciplinary research on the cultural implications of software systems and computer code, fresh interest in formalist analysis, and ongoing work on global political economy, "Race Writing in the Internet Age" discovers a range of contemporary writers turning to algorithmic forms—computational techniques for market forecasting, models of viral transmission and social networking, the underlying principles of Web browsing and search—as a way of illustrating race's reconfiguration within the tech-integrated global market.

In the final throws of writing a doctoral thesis the struggle was to find a structure for presenting the vast amounts of literature that had to be integrated and synthesised to form a coherent whole and linking psychology and music, the basis for my thesis. As a systems theorist and adherent to social constructionist views, the metaphor plays an important role in constructing realities, and the framework that came to mind for structuring and presenting my thesis was that of the concerto from the Western classical music genre. In this paper I will explain how this metaphor was used for organising and structuring my research and presenting a systems paradigm as a coherent whole.

Like. Share. Comment. Subscribe. Embed. Upload. Check in. The commands of the modern online world relentlessly prompt participation and encourage collaboration, connecting people in ways not possible even five years ago. This connectedness no doubt influences college writing courses in both form and content, creating possibilities for investigating new forms of writing and student participation. In this innovative volume, Sarah J. Arroyo argues for a "participatory composition," inspired by the culture of online video sharing and framed by theorist Gregory Ulmer's concept of electracy. Electracy, according to Ulmer, "is to digital media what literacy is to alphabetic writing." Although electracy can be compared to digital literacy, it is not something shut on and off with the power buttons on computers or mobile devices. Rather, electracy encompasses the cultural, institutional, pedagogical, and ideological implications inherent in the transition from a culture of print literacy to a culture saturated with electronic media, regardless of the presence of actual machines. Arroyo explores the apparatus of electracy in many of its manifestations while focusing on the participatory practices found in online video culture, particularly on YouTube. Chapters are devoted to questions of subjectivity, definition, authorship, and pedagogy. Utilizing theory and incorporating practical examples from YouTube, classrooms, and other social sites, Arroyo presents accessible and practical approaches for writing instruction. Additionally, she outlines the concept of participatory composition by highlighting how it manifests in online video culture, offers student examples of engagement with the concept, and advocates participatory approaches throughout the book. Arroyo presents accessible and practical possibilities for teaching and learning that will benefit