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Although slavery was a common practice in medieval Muslim societies, this subject had not been studied enough. Yet, scholars recently have begun to focus on the subject of slavery in the Muslim world, and produced new academic monographs about it. As a part of this fashion, in my paper, I will try to answer how slavery was perceived and practiced in Fātimid Egypt. Particularly, I will argue that the position of African black slaves in the Fātimid Empire goes beyond the simple dichotomy of free and un-free and of black slaves and white masters. Also, I will argue that even though African black slaves were subordinated and marginalized in the Fātimid Empire, they created new opportunities for themselves and advanced into the highest positions in the Fātimid state structure. Besides, I will argue that African black slaves (eunuchs, commanders, and concubines) were not a marginal group but a dominant one that played important roles in the Fātimid political life throughout its history.

In the 1970s & 1980s, migratory flows of Portuguese & luso-Africans from old Portuguese African colonies towards to Sao Paulo were the result of the pressures of difficult & complex African & Portuguese politics. Three very different cultural experiences were in play: that of the portuguese colony, the african context, & the Brazilian character of the destination, Sao Paulo. This paper explores the migrant's complex displacement experiences, the insertion of the migrant into the new context & the conflicts of identity that this migratory process entailed. We concentrate on the recent past, which has not been extensively researched. We use a method we call 'summarized life-histories', which seemed appropriate, as we didn't know what the immigrants would tell us. We present a number of specific cases to exemplify our analysis. Through them, we can see that memories refer to events, people & places from the three continents, through the conscious & unconscious construction of multiple identities.

This article examines the roles, good & bad, played primarily by European but also other countries in the colonial & postcolonial histories of the five African countries of which Portuguese is the official language -- Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, & Sao Tome & Principe, known as PALOP (Paises Africanos de Lingua Official Portuguese). The author draws on 22 books to describe the history of the colonization of the PALOP nations & the external influences on their current politics, cultures, language, religions, & people, examining each country turn. The account of Mozambique & its province of Inhambane explains the commercial, political, & social participation of Denmark, stemming primarily from its capital, Copenhagen, in this African country's current state of being & development. Adapted from the source document.

The word "batuque" (drums) has a multiple history. In general, until today, it is used to name different musical performances and practices produced by Africans or Afro-descendants. This book investigates the historical processes around the "batuques" during the Portuguese early colonialism in Lourenço Marques – currently Maputo – and in southern Mozambique (1890-1940). The categories forged by Portuguese colonial discourses were not able to grasp the multiplicity of experiences of African populations and their practices. Through theoretical and methodological Social History framework, perspectives based on the history "from below" and microhistory research in archives, the "batuques" are, in this book, an object of investigation and a privileged window to analyze resistance, tensions and daily arrangements of those who were subordinated by the Portuguese colonizing power in the region. - O "batuque" possui uma história múltipla. O termo foi empregado para designar diferentes práticas musicais e tipos de performance produzidos por africanos e/ou afrodescendentes. Este livro tem como objetivo investigar as formas como os "batuques" foram praticados e resignificados pelo colonialismo português em Lourenço Marques – atual Maputo – e no sul de Moçambique durante o período de 1890-1940. As categorias criadas e implementadas pela ação colonial portuguesa não foram capazes de conter a multiplicidade de experiências das populações africanas e das suas práticas. Por meio de ferramentas teórico-metodológicas da História Social da Cultura, da história "vista de baixo" e da microhistória, os "batuques" configuram-se neste livro como objeto de investigação e janela privilegiada para analisar resistências, tensões e arranjos cotidianos daqueles que foram subalternizados pelo poder colonizador português na região.

The year 1943 represented a turning point in the correlation of forces during the World War II.
In the first quarter there were important battles in North Africa, while the friendly forces to the
Allies consolidated in other African regions. Angola as a Portuguese colony was in a position of
neutrality, but strongly felt the effects of the conflict, due to security reasons and by the economic output. At the same time, the ideas of democracy and increasing Angolan urbanization stimulated the emergence of chains of opinion, very influential in the later development of the country.

Analyses the lives and livelihoods of the female cashew shellers in Mozambique's capital in the colonial era, during which the industry grew to be a major export, and relates how the women played a fundamental, but previously underappreciated, role in the colony's economy. JOINT RUNNER-UP FOR THE 2017 AIDOO-SNYDER BOOK PRIZE Between the late 1940s and independence in 1975, rural Mozambican women migrated to the capital, Lourenço Marques, to find employment in the cashew shelling industry.This book tells the labour and social history of what became Mozambique's most important late colonial era industry through the oral history and songs of three generations of the workforce. In the 1950s Jiva Jamal Tharani recruited a largely female labour force and inaugurated industrial cashew shelling in the Chamanculo neighbourhood. Seasonal cashew brews had long been an essential component of the region's household, gift and informal economies, but bythe 1970s cashew exports comprised the largest share of the colony's foreign exchange earnings. This book demonstrates that Mozambique's cashew economy depended fundamentally on women's work and should be understood as "whole cloth". Drawing on over 100 interviews, the rich narratives convey layered histories: the rural crises that triggered the flight of women, their lives as factory workers, widespread payment and wage fraud, the formation of innovative urban families, and the health costs that all African families paid for municipal neglect of their neighbourhoods. Jeanne Marie Penvenne is Professor of History, and core faculty in International Relations, Africana and Women, and Gender and Sexuality Studies at Tufts University.. She is the author of the Herskovits shortlisted African Workers and Colonial Racism (James Currey/Heinemann, 1995)

The purpose of this paper is to present a preliminary discussion in the body of this periodical in
order to articulate other points of view mainly associated to the themes: development and society,
in Brazil. The discursive form privileged in this article sought to match the interdisciplinary or
multidisciplinary aspect proposed by the editorial line and by such way, as much as possible, from
the sociohistoriographical aproach present in the reflections and analysis. Thus, two fundamental
concepts are presented, namely, the Brazilian diaspora and the African-Amerindian diaspora.
These concepts allow a reinterpretation of the Social and Cultural and Social Brazilian History,
especially when some aspects of Brazilian geopolitics are reconsidered, the recovery of the
territories and the struggle for the demarcation of the Amerindian and quilombola territories.

Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ ALİHAN LİMONCUOĞLU ; PROF. DR. MAHMUT KUBİLAY AKMAN Yer Bilgisi: İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı / Güvenlik Araştırmaları Bilim Dalı Konu: Uluslararası İlişkiler = International Relations ; Arap Baharı kapsamı ve güvenlik kavramının değişimine etkisi açısından tarihsel sahnede önemli bir yere sahiptir. Arap Baharı'nın başlaması ile gerekliliği daha da anlaşılan Güvenlik Çalışmaları'nın kavramlarıyla konunun tartışılması ve farklı yönleri ile araştırılması düşünülmektedir. Kuzey Afrika ülkelerinin Arap Baharı öncesi ve sonrasında toplum yapısı ve güvenlik açısından uğradığı değişimler Kolonyalizm sonrasından başlayarak 2012 yılına kadar geçen süreyi kapsayacak şekilde anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Arap Baharı'nı geniş bir analiz süzgecinden geçirerek süreç hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak mümkündür. Sürecin demokratik mi, manipülasyon mu olduğunu anlamak için yapılan analizde kullanılan demokrasi indeksleri Kuzey Afrika ülkelerinin durumu hakkında ayrıntılı bilgiler verecektir. Görsel Sosyoloji 'den yararlanarak analize yenilik ve farklı bir perspektif kazandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Soğuk Savaş sonrası değişen güvenlik algısının anlaşılması açısından önemli yere sahip olan Kopenhag Okulu çerçevesinde Arap Baharı'nın Güvenlikleştirme ve Bölgesel Güvenlik Kompleksi Teorisi ile açıklanması düşünülmektedir. Johan Galtung'un barış ve çatışma alanındaki çalışmaları ile Barry Buzan'ın kavramsal çerçevesinin konunun daha iyi anlaşılmasına yarar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. İşletme literatüründe sıkça karşımıza çıkan SWOT analizinin Güvenlik Çalışmaları alanındaki uygulanabilirliği denenmiştir. Kuzey Afrika'nın çağdaş döneminin Arap Baharı sonrası geçirdiği dönüşüm Güvenlik Çalışmaları bağlamında analiz edilmiştir. Yaşanan dönüşümün daha belirgin görülmesini sağlamak düşüncesiyle Arap Baharı sonrası yıllar (2014-2019) seçilmiş ve bu yıllara ait küresel terörizm-küresel barış indeksleri kullanılmıştır. İndekslerdeki veriler ve elde edilen sonuçlar ile Kuzey Afrika'nın günümüzdeki güvenlik durumuna bakılmıştır. Uluslararası İlişkiler 'de önemli bir konuma sahip olan Arap Baharı ayrıntılı bir şekilde Güvenlik Çalışmaları literatürü ve diğer sosyal bilimler literatürleri kullanılarak anlatılacaktır. ; With its impact on the change in the concept of security, the Arab Spring has an important place in history. With the advent of the Arab Spring, the main aim has been centered around investigating the different aspects of the topic. The focus has also been on discussing the topic in terms of the theories of Security Studies, the importance of which has been further understood. The main objective of the present study is to discuss the community structure of North African countries and the changes that took place before and after the Arab Spring in terms of security. The study focuses on the period from prior to Colonialism until 2012. It is possible to gain knowledge about the process by extensively analyzing the topic. The democracy indexes that are used to analyze whether the process was democratic or manipulative, will provide some detailed information on the condition of North African countries. By employing visual sociology, it is also aimed to bring in a new and different perspective to the analysis. Within the framework of the Copenhagen School, which has an important place in allowing a better understanding of the growing perception of security after the Cold War, the study also aimed to discuss the Arab Spring in terms of the Securitization and Regional Security Complex Theory. The peace and conflict studies of Johan Galtung and the theoretical framework of Barry Buzan will provide a better understanding of the topic under study. The SWOT analysis, which is often covered in business studies, is applied in the field of Security Studies. Transformation of North Africa's contemporary period after the Arab Spring, is investigated in the context of Security Studies. To make this transformation clear, the focus of this study is on the time period after the Arab Spring (2014-2019), and the global terrorism-global peace indexes of this time period are used. With the data retrieved from the indexes and the obtained results, the current security condition of North Africa is examined. The Arab Spring, which has a significant place in international relations, will be discussed in detail by covering the literature of Security Studies and the other social sciences disciplines.

A documentary based on the criminal cases of slaves who murdered their masters in Campinas in the 1840s and 1870s, this book presents a very thorough and comprehensive analysis not only of labor relations that marked the changing relationships of slaveholders in the region, but above all, penetrates the dynamics of the slave quarters communities of farms where such crimes occurred. By connecting select criminal cases to the inventories of the goods of the master that would be inherited by his survivors, Maíra Chinelatto Alves uses the evidence offered by the criminal process innovatively within the framework of the new social history of slavery. First, the analysis focuses on the late 1840's, when sugar plantations were being surpassed by coffee and a high percentage of slaves had African origin. Then, five crimes that occurred in the 1870's are explored, showing how of a select fourteen slaves prosecuted, some of them were absolved, while others were condemned to face various punishments, but none of them were condemned to death - although it was the law of 1835

Pedro Schacht Pereira is an associate professor of Portuguese and Iberian Studies at The Ohio State University in the USA and is part of the teaching team that in 2012 created a PhD program in Portuguese Language World Studies. He graduated in Philosophy from the University of Coimbra in 1993 and received his doctorate in Portuguese and Brazilian Studies from Brown University in 2005. His first book on the relations between philosophy and literature in Almeida Garrett, Eça de Queirós and Machado de Assis, was published in 2014 by the Press of the University of Coimbra and Editora Annablume (São Paulo). Of the various projects that are underway, a monograph on Eça de Queirós and the African sublime, an investigation on the pre-Freyrean roots of the Lusotropicalist discourse, and another on the representation of Afrodescendence in Portugal in the first half of the 20th century are highlighted. XX. He was the author and promoter of the Open Letter in which a number of Portuguese and foreign academics, journalists and public figures in April 2017 demarcated from the positions taken by President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa in a speech in Gorée, Senegal, on the alleged historical role of Portugal in the abolition of slavery. ; Pedro Schacht Pereira es profesor asociado de Estudios Ibéricos e Portugueses en la Universidad Estatal de Ohio en los EE. UU. Y forma parte del equipo docente que en 2012 creó un programa de doctorado en Estudios del Mundo de la Lengua Portuguesa. Se graduó en Filosofía en la Universidad de Coimbra en 1993 y recibió su doctorado en Estudios Portugueses y Brasileños en la Universidad Brown en 2005. Su primer libro sobre las relaciones entre filosofía y literatura en Almeida Garrett, Eça de Queirós y Machado de Assis, fue publicado en 2014 por la Prensa de la Universidad de Coimbra y Editora Annablume (São Paulo). De los diversos proyectos en curso, una monografía sobre Eça de Queirós y el sublime africano, una investigación sobre las raíces pre-freyreas del discurso lusotropicalista y otra sobre la representación de la Afrodescendencia en Portugal en la primera mitad del siglo. XX. Fue el autor y promotor de la Carta Abierta en la cual varios académicos, periodistas y personalidades portugueses y extranjeros en abril de 2017 se delimitaron de las posiciones tomadas por el presidente Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa en un discurso en Gorée, Senegal, sobre el supuesto papel histórico de Portugal en la abolición de la esclavitud. ; Pedro Schacht Pereira é professor associado de Estudos Portugueses e Ibéricos na The Ohio State University, nos EUA, fazendo parte da equipa docente que em 2012 criou na mesma instituição um programa de doutoramento em Estudos do Mundo de Língua Portuguesa. Licenciou-se em Filosofia pela Universidade de Coimbra, em 1993, e doutorou-se em Estudos Portugueses e Brasileiros pela Brown University em 2005. O seu primeiro livro, sobre as relações entre filosofia e literatura em Almeida Garrett, Eça de Queirós e Machado de Assis, foi publicado em 2014 pela Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra e a Editora Annablume (São Paulo). Dos vários projetos que tem em curso destacam-se uma monografia sobre Eça de Queirós e o sublime africano, uma investigação sobre as raízes pré-freyreanas do discurso lusotropicalista, e outra sobre a representação da afrodescendência em Portugal na primeira metade do séc. XX. Foi autor e promotor da Carta Aberta em que vários académicos, jornalistas e figuras públicas portuguesas e estrangeiras em abril de 2017 se demarcaram das posições assumidas pelo Presidente da República Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa num discurso em Gorée, no Senegal, sobre o alegado papel histórico de Portugal na abolição da escravatura.

From their king's decision to embrace Catholicism at the turn of the sixteenth century to the advent of imperial colonialism in the late eighteen hundreds, the men and women of the central African kingdom of Kongo creatively mixed, merged, and redefined local and foreign visual forms, religious thought, and political concepts into the novel, coherent, but also constantly evolving worldview of Kongo Christianity. Sartorial practices and regalia in particular showcased the artful conversion of the realm under the impetus of its monarchs and aristocrats. In their clothing and insignia, the kingdom's elite combined and recast foreign and local, old and new, material and emblems into heralds of Kongo Christian power, wealth, and, eventually history. I propose to use the concept of the space of correlation as a key to analyze these elaborate, and constantly evolving religious, political, and material transformations through an attentive focus on cultural objects such as clothing, hats, swords, and saint figures. ; Da decisão do rei de abraçar o catolicismo na virada do século XVI até o avanço do colonialismo imperialista do final do século XIX, os homens e mulheres do reino do Congo na África central criativamente misturaram, fundiram e redefiniram formas visuais locais e estrangeiras, pensamento religioso e conceitos políticos numa visão de mundo original, coerente e em constante evolução do cristianismo congo. Práticas de vestimenta e, em especial, insígnias reais demonstram a astuciosa conversão do reino sob o ímpeto de seus monarcas e aristocratas. Através de suas vestimentas e insígnias a elite do reino combinou e remodelou o estrangeiro e o local, o velho e o novo, materiais e emblemas nos arautos de poder, riqueza e, inevitavelmente, história cristã no Congo. Proponho utilizar o conceito de espaço de correlação como elemento-chave para analisar essas elaboradas transformações religiosas, políticas e materiais, em evolução constante, de forma a estabelecer um foco minucioso em objetos culturais tais como indumentária, chapéus, espadas e imagens religiosas.

Yüksek Lisans Tezi ; Kurulduğu günden itibaren sorunlu bir biçimde seyreden Türkiye-Suriye ilişkileri özellikle Beşar Esad'ın 2000 yılında iktidara gelmesinin ardından tarihinde hiç olmadığı kadar iyi ve olumlu bir döneme girmiştir. 2001 yılından itibaren hızla gelişen ve iyileşen ikili ilişkiler, 17 Aralık 2010 tarihinde Kuzey Afrika ülkesi olan Tunus'ta başlayan ve tüm Arap ülkelerini saran Arap Baharı sonrasında, Suriye'de başlayan iç karışıklıklar ve takip eden süreçte kopma noktasına kadar gelmiştir. İlişkilerin bu gelişim ve sonrasında gerilemesine 11 Eylül olaylarıyla birlikte, "yeni dünya düzeni" kavramının, aslında ABD'nin yegane ve mutlak bir güç olarak faaliyet yürüteceği bir nevi bir geçiş dönemi olduğu gerçeği yol açmıştır. S.Hungtington'ın "Medeniyetler Çatışması" teziyle yola çıkan ABD, kenar kuşak ülkelerinde bölgesel mezhepsel çatışmalar yaratarak bölgede iç savaş çıkararak küresel işgal güçlerine yönelik direnişi kırmayı amaçlamaktadır. İşte bu çalışmada yeni dış politika anlayışı ile Ortadoğu'yu şekillendirmeye çalışan ama Afganistan ve Irak'tan dili yanan ABD'nin, Suriye'ye müdahalede müttefiki Türkiye'yi öne sürmesi incelenecektir. Çalışmada Ortadoğu'nun jeopolitiği çerçevesinde Suriye'nin Dış Politikası ve güvenlik algılamaları, AKP'nin dış politika anlayışı, stratejik ortaklıktan model ortaklığa tarihi süreç içinde Türkiye – ABD ilişkileri, bugünlerde Ortadoğu'da ve Suriye'de yaşanan gelişmeler karşısında ABD ve Türkiye'nin takındığı tavırlar ve bu doğrultuda Türkiye-Suriye ilişkilerine etkileri hakkında kısa bir değerlendirmede bulunulacaktır. ; Abstract ; From its inception in a problematic way of navigating the Turkey-Syria relations, especially Bashar al-Assad came to power in 2000 and then as never before in history has entered a period of good and positive. Since 2001, rapidly evolving and improving bilateral relations, 17 December 2010 in the North African country, which started in Tunisia and all the Arab countries surrounding the post-Arab Spring in Syria began in internal turmoil and the subsequent process to the breaking point has come. Ties this development and after the decline in the September 11 events, along with a "new world order" concept, in fact the U.S.'s sole and absolute power as the activities to be carried out a kind of a transitional period, the fact that it has led. S.Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" thesis out with the U.S., Rimland countries in the region by creating regional sectarian conflict by removing the civil war of resistance against the occupation forces to break the global aims. In this study a new understanding of foreign policy in Afghanistan and Iraq and the Middle East, but the language in shaping employees burning the U.S., suggesting ally Turkey on Syria intervention will be examined. In the study of the Middle East geopolitics in the framework of Syria's foreign policy and security perceptions of the AKP's foreign policy, the strategic partnership model partnership in historical process in Turkey - U.S. relations, today in the Middle East and Syria developments across the United States and Turkey in this respect the attitude and their impact on Turkey-Syria relations will be provided with a brief assessment.