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Nesse artigo, nosso objetivo é explorar a construção e o delineamento de escândalos de corrupção pela mídia no caso da Operação Lava Jato, que tornaram a Petrobrás protagonista de um dos maiores escândalos de corrupção do Brasil. Nossa análise foi feita na cobertura dada, na versão online, de duas publicações brasileiras (Folha de S.Paulo e Revista Veja) em uma grounded theory na vertente construtivista. Como resultados, analisamos o caso estudado em quatro elementos da teoria dos escândalos, e identificamos dois mecanismos discursivos utilizados pela mídia analisada. O primeiro desses mecanismos atua na dimensão do evento, colocando inicialmente a Petrobrás no centro do escândalo, e o outro configura a natureza política do mesmo. Propõe-se que a mídia articula discursos de modo a construir sentidos. ; In this paper, our objective is to explore the discursive mechanisms of online media in Lava Jato investigation that have made Petrobrás the protagonist of one of the biggest corruption scandals in Brazil. Our analysis is based on the media coverage of two national publications (Folha de S.Paulo and Veja Magazine), in a grounded theory in a constructivist perspective. As results, we analyze the case studied in four elements of the theory of scandals and we identify two discursive mechanisms used by the analyzed media. One that acts in the dimension of the event, initially placing Petrobrás at the center of the scandal, and the other that constitutes its political nature. It is proposed that the media articulate discourses in order to construct meanings.

This paper does a documentation and bibliography revision, contained in the field of study of human rights education (HRE), the social quality of school education from the analysis of its institutionality at the educational regulatory framework instituted after the Federal Constitution of 1988. Such legislative acts delegated an innovative role to schools to act as a space in charge of protecting the rights of children and teenagers. However, what is found is that the school environment still constitutes as a place for schooling based on the labor logic and by the ideal of abundance of consumption as way to achieve happiness. It is proposed, based on the above, that the protective school act from a dynamic distribution of knowledge transforming the liberal maxim of equal opportunities and meritocracy into state intervention, such as social justice. For such, education as a fundamental right, and the school as a platform of social protection should assimilate traits that go beyond simple knowledge socialization, and should cover principles such as totality, availability, accessibility, acceptability and adaptability. In this way, we conceive HRE as indispensable to the formation of agents capable of potentiating the school as a space of social protection. Such education should be, thus, constitutive of the professional identity of those who work in schools and other institutions that are part of the social protection network in the system of rights assurance. ; Problematiza-se neste artigo de revisão documental e bibliográfica, pertencente à área de estudos em Educação em Direitos Humanos (EDH), a qualidade social da educação escolar a partir da análise da sua institucionalidade no marco normativo educacional instituído após a Constituição Federal de 1988. Tais atos legislativos legalizam uma função inovadora para a escola, a de ser e atuar como espaço protetivo de direitos de crianças e adolescentes. No entanto, o que se constata é que o ambiente escolar ainda se constitui como lugar da escolarização baseada na lógica do trabalho e do ideal de abundância do consumo como sinônimo de felicidade. Propõe-se, a partir do exposto, que a escola protetiva atue a partir de uma dinâmica distributiva de saberes transformando a máxima liberal da igualdade de oportunidades e meritocracia em intervenção estatal pela educação equitativa, como justiça social. Para tal, a educação como direito humano fundamental, e a escola como espaço de proteção social devem assimilar características que vão além da simples socialização de conteúdos instrucionais, devendo abranger princípios como totalidade, disponibilidade, acessibilidade, aceitabilidade e adaptabilidade. Dessa forma, concebemos EDH como indispensável à formação de agentes capazes de potencializar a escola como espaço de proteção social. Referida formação deve ser, portanto, constitutiva da identidade profissional dos que atuam na escola e nas demais instituições componentes da rede de proteção social no sistema de garantia de direitos.

The aim of this paper is to propose a reflection on the construction of a critical intercultural curricular proposal, by means of a decolonial perspective, for indigenous education, in particular the one which occurs at the Wakõmẽkwa School,[1] in Riozinho Kakumhu community, of a Xerente Indigenous People from Tocantins, a state in Northern Brazil. We start from the legal milestones, which regulate Indigenous School Education at the federal and state levels, and we have adopted, as a theoretical and methodological support, authors who think the indigenous school curriculum in a critical intercultural perspective, such as: Albuquerque (2014), Diniz; Coast; Diniz (2011), Muniz, (2017), and Santos (2010). From a field research, using the conversation wheel technique with indigenous teachers who work at the Wakõmẽkwa School, we have realized that it is possible to stimulate school agents to think in the decolonial perspective, in order to break with the colonized knowledge, based on a critical reorientation of citizenship, democracy, human rights, humanities, economic relations and their practices in society. [1] The Wakõmēkwa Indigenous School, of the Riozinho Kakumhu Community, located in Tocantins, was the locus of the field research. ; O objetivo deste artigo é propor uma reflexão sobre a construção de uma proposta curricular intercultural crítica, por meio de uma perspectiva decolonial, para a educação indígena, em especial, a da que ocorre na escola Wakõmẽkwa,[1] comunidade Riozinho Kakumhu, Povo Xerente do Tocantins, estado da região Norte do Brasil. Partimos dos marcos legais, que regulamentam a educação escolar indígena no âmbito federal e estadual, e adotamos, como suporte teórico-metodológico, autores que pensam o currículo escolar indígena na perspectiva intercultural crítica, tais como: Albuquerque (2014), Diniz; Costa; Diniz (2011), Muniz, (2017) e Santos (2010). A partir de uma pesquisa de campo, utilizando a técnica de roda de conversa com professores indígenas que trabalham na escola Wakõmẽkwa, percebemos ser possível estimular/provocar os agentes da escola a pensar na perspectiva decolonial, a fim de romper com o conhecimento colonizado, a partir de uma reorientação crítica do que seja cidadania, democracia, direitos humanos, humanidades, relações econômicas e suas práticas na sociedade. [1] A Escola Indígena Wakõmēkwa, da Comunidade Riozinho Kakumhu, localizada no estado do Tocantins, foi o locus da pesquisa de campo.

This paper aims to discuss the socio-economic regimes that allow the realization of justice as fairness, focusing in particular on the two regimes pointed out by Rawls as capable of constituting a well-ordered society, the property-owning democracy (POD) on the one hand and liberal socialism on the other. To this end, we will first consider Rawls' arguments regarding socio-economic regimes within A theory of justice. Then, based on Justice as fairness: a restatement, the arguments in favor of POD and liberal socialism and against the other three options: laissez-faire capitalism, one-party state socialism, and the welfare state will be discussed. Next, the arguments in favor of either POD or liberal socialism will be considered, largely seeking to draw what the distinctions between the two regimes are, from those authors who seek to go beyond Rawls. At the end, it is concluded that within the limits of a theory of justice Rawls is correct in not defining who is the winning regime, the POD or liberal socialism, but in the current advance of liberal capitalism and its movement away from liberal democracies it shows necessary to discuss which is the most adequate regime from the bases provided by justice as fairness.

Raymond Aron's international and strategic thought is inextricably linked to his own critical philosophy of history, as he conceived it in the 1930s, after spending a period of time in Germany. Influenced by pacifist philosopher Alain, Aron is converted to realism, which is put to the test by the 20th century wars. It is not advisable, however, to associate Aron tout court to the strict Anglo-american realism of Hans Morgenthau and Kenneth Waltz. Against the construction of a general theory of International Relations based on model-building, he is the harbinger of a historical sociology of Weberian inspiration, seeking to render the international scene intelligible in its peculiar complexity. Adapted from the source document.

The mainstream view of the twentieth century suggests that the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith made a tout court defense of individualism and the pure rational calculation of economics. However, we consider this to be a biased interpretation that ignores an integrated reading of his books, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and Wealth of Nations (1776), which hinder a global view of his thinking. In opposition to this dominant view, we propose, as the central objective of this article, the conciliation between Smith's classical liberalism and his sentimental ethics, based on the notion of human dignity, present in the recognition of the other as an equal. If this hypothesis is confirmed, we will defend the thesis of sympathetic liberalism in Adam Smith's philosophical system. For this, we will analyze the feeling of Smithian sympathy and its interference in interpersonal relationships, then, the device of moral justification of impartiality as a promoter of fairness behavior. Finally, we will argue that the intertwining of these two elements of Smithian sentimental ethics in public space engenders a notion of human dignity compatible with his liberalism, insofar as it respects individual freedoms while fostering the progress of commercial societies. For such, we will make use of the work Theory of Moral Sentimentalism by Adam Smith and the article Sympathetic Liberalism: Recent Work on Adam Smith by Stephen Darwall.

Tendo por mote a aplicabilidade do Regulamento Geral de Proteção de Dados a partir de 25 de maio de 2018, os Autores valem-se dos ensinamentos de engenheiros informáticos para explicar em que medida os dados (inclusivamente os de carácter pessoal) estão na base da revolução algorítmica que está a reconfigurar a ciência, os negócios, e a política. Os Autores defendem que, no contexto da afirmação da União Europeia como uma União de direito, a importância e a atenção concedidas à efetividade do direito fundamental à proteção de dados pessoais não se justifica apenas pela pressão dos tempos tecnológicos que vivemos e pela emergência progressiva de um homo digitalis. A montante, o sentido cada vez mais (assumidamente) político do aprofundamento da integração, bem como a prioridade colocada na construção da cidadania europeia e no reforço de uma dimensão de integração extraeconómica, tudo isso favorece o desenvolvimento de uma cultura de direitos fundamentais europeia. O paradigma referencial de mercado interno é, hoje em dia, o de um mercado onde se movimentam e circulam, antes de mais, cidadãos que também são, circunstancialmente, agentes económicos e consumidores. Neste sentido, os Autores procuram demonstrar por que razão a proteção de dados pessoais converteu-se na questão jusfundamental identitária dos nossos tempos: basicamente para que o projeto do humanismo não se torne irrelevante. ; Bearing in mind the applicability of the General Data Protection Regulation as of May 25, 2018, the Authors use the teachings of computer engineers to explain the extent to which data (including personal data) is at the basis of the algorithmic revolution that is reconfiguring science, business, and politics. The Authors argue that, in the context of the European Union's assertion as a Union based on the rule of law, the importance and attention given to the effectiveness of the fundamental right to the protection of personal data is justified not only by the pressure of the technological times we are experiencing and by the gradual emergence of a homo digitalis. At the same time, the increasingly (outspokenly) political sense of deepening integration, as well as the priority placed on building European citizenship and reinforcing a dimension of extraeconomic integration, all contribute to the development of a European fundamental rights culture. The referential paradigm of the Internal Market is, nowadays, a market where, first and foremost, citizens are moving and circulating, who are also circumstantially, economic agents and consumers. In this sense, the Authors seek to demonstrate why the protection of personal data has become the jus-fundamental identity issue of our times, basically so that the project of humanism does not become irrelevant.

The informal food trade plays a large social, economic, nutritional and cultural role in the lives of consumers. However, informally marketed food may be considered a health risk to the population because it can be easily contaminated due to inadequate conditions at the place of preparation, since they often occur on the street, and there is a lack of knowledge of handling, hygiene and sanitation techniques, by traders. Thus, the present study aimed to elaborate an itinerary of inspection of good practices of manipulation and informal food marketing. The structured script was based on current legislation and bibliographical references of the area. It was prepared, evaluated in the field and adjusted, post-evaluation, by a team composed of a health surveillance supervisor and the researchers. The script had 26 questions on environmental and structural aspects of trade, food handlers and quality and conditions of exposure and storage of ready-to-eat foods and raw materials for their preparation, as well as fresh foods. This instrument was easy to apply and adequate to evaluate the commercialization. In addition, it has the potential to collaborate with the work of sanitary agents, since it makes it possible to register the main irregularities observed in this segment, besides contributing to a uniform inspection. ; O comércio informal de alimentos desempenha um grande papel socioeconômico, cultural e nutricional na vida dos consumidores. Entretanto, considera-se que os alimentos comercializados informalmente podem constituir um risco à saúde da população, pois podem ser facilmente contaminados devido às condições inadequadas do local de preparo, uma vez que tal comércio ocorre muitas vezes na rua e há falta de conhecimento de técnicas de manipulação higienicossanitária por parte dos comerciantes. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo elaborar um roteiro de inspeção das boas práticas de manipulação e comercialização informal de alimentos. O roteiro estruturado foi fundamentado em legislações vigentes e na literatura científica da área. Foi elaborado, avaliado em campo e ajustado, com pós-avaliação por equipe composta por um fiscal da vigilância sanitária e os pesquisadores. O roteiro contou com 26 questões que versam sobre aspectos ambientais e estruturais do comércio, manipuladores de alimentos e qualidade e condições de exposição e de armazenamento dos alimentos prontos para consumo e das matérias-primas para seu preparo, assim como dos alimentos in natura. Este instrumento mostrou-se de fácil aplicação e adequado para avaliar a manipulação e comercialização de alimentos no setor informal, além disso, tem potencial para colaborar com o trabalho de agentes sanitários uma vez que possibilita o registro das principais irregularidades observadas nesse segmento, além de contribuir para uma uniformidade na inspeção.

Although the 'Theaetetus' puts us in an interpretive setting completely apart from the theory of Forms, we are not allowed to admit their total forgetfulness. Concepts such as 'rationality' opposed to sensible perception, and 'the indispensability of logos' as a discourse that makes true knowledge, are extremely dear to the 'Theaetetus'. Disregarding the relevance and similarity of the meaning of these concepts from maturity to old age would put us in a situation of great difficulty in explaining knowledge. It is important to emphasize here that we have chosen an intermediate perspective, which on the one hand recognizes the absence of an argument based on the classical theory of Ideas, but which includes the Platonic work under the tutelage of a systematic and holistic interpretation, according to which Plato does not abandon the metaphysical presuppositions of the intelligible forms. Far from a rupture with what was said earlier in maturity, the 'Theaetetus' serves as a theoretical complementation on ontology and epistemology, although in the 'Theaetetus', as we have said, there is no direct reference to the notions present in previous dialogues and much of the theme introduce yourself through unusual writing style and vocabulary. Last but not least, a brief analysis will be made of some passages from the final moments of the 'Sophist' in order to understand to what extent the epistemological aspect, proposed by Plato in the 'Theaetetus', can be read in the light of questions related to Being and to Not-being, since the question of 'what is knowledge' also leads us to an ontological discussion.

Com base na teoria crítica da sociedade do filósofo Theodor Adorno, este trabalho propõe refletir sobre elementos objetivos do âmbito da estrutura institucional e social que fundam ideias referentes à racionalidade e à dominação, considerando fatores subjetivos correlatos às ideias do sociólogo Max Weber. Nesse sentido, corrobora-se ideias acerca da formação complexa da identidade do sujeito diante das exigências de conservação humana, apresentadas à luz da psicanálise de Sigmund Freud; uma discussão controversa, porém fundamental para a teoria crítica, posto que considera contribuições da psicologia perpassadas por elementos que se ampliam para além de comportamentos determinados, conscientes ou alienados. Ou seja, almeja fatores culturais, históricos e sociológicos como bases primordiais para a análise da ideologia como fator racional o qual transcorre o período moderno. ; Based on the Critical Theory of Society by the philosopher Theodor Adorno, this study proposes to reflect on objective elements of the context of institutional and social structure that founded ideas regarding rationality and domination, considering subjective factors correlated to the sociologist Max Weber's ideas. In this sense, ideas about the complex formation of the subject's identity against the demands of human conservation, presented in the light of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, are corroborated; A discussion, although controversial, fundamental to critical theory, since it considers contributions of psychology permeated by elements that expand beyond determined, conscious or alienated behaviors. That is, it aims at cultural, historical and sociological factors as primordial bases for analysis of ideology as a rational factor which runs through the modern period.

The article discusses how Judith Butler's theory of gender, mainly based on what the author called metaphysics of substance, operates a desontologization of sex-gender experiences. For this, it exposes how Butler operates the desontologization of the gendered subject, through her feminist critique of the idea of ​​subject conceived from the mark of sexual difference. Later, it dedicates to what Butler called the "metaphysics of substance", seen as what sustains, within the framework of the binary sex-gender system, the idea of ​​natural difference of bodies, a moment in which the author resorts to the genealogy of morals developed by Nietzsche to justify her genealogy of gender and bodies, seeing these as inseparable, which is why she concludes that, in the manner of gender, the production of bodies occurs in a performative way through contextualized recitations that establish the boundaries of human intelligibility and that, therefore, it is subject to transformation.

Background: In a society increasingly marked by the logic of contemporary capitalism, education becomes an instrument for the reproduction of alienated labour forces. Objectives: To provide an overview of the characteristics of subjectivity and attitudes of the postmodern subject based on the studies of Fredric Jameson and David Harvey; unveiling the development of techniques for producing more effective ways of subjecting the company culture to neoliberal rationality described by Pierre Dardot and Christian Laval and their influences on the formation of contemporary identities; reflect on the role of education, in particular of scientific education, in overcoming the state of alienation brought about by the capitalist system of neoliberal societies. Design: Articulation between exploratory and bibliographic research, articulated with the theoretical frameworks of Paulo Freire's critical theory and pedagogy. Settings and Participants: Given the typology of the research carried out, articles, books and documents about the capitalist system in neoliberal societies, the educational legislation and Paulo Freire's pedagogy. Data Collection and analysis: Critical reflection on the texts consulted and included in the research. Results: There is a relationship between the subjects constituted from the marketing logic and the role of the school as a reproducer of mechanisms of subjugation to the hegemonic capitalist system; there is also the business and industrial influence in the development of educational policies throughout the history of education. Conclusions: As a possibility of transforming this scenario of alienation from the educational system to hegemonic power, the Freirean conception of emancipatory critical humanist education is presented, in addition to the reproduction of capitalist logic, based on the awareness of subjects based on dialogical pedagogy and the appropriation of the scientific knowledge as a transformer of reality.

Background: Few studies in mathematics education have been looking at the new dynamics of communication with focus on the analysis of speeches propagated by false news. This social phenomenon is worrying: news that uses mathematical arguments to guide, shape, and reflect public opinion and popular thinking based on misleading information. Objectives: The aim of this investigation was to understand the role of mathematics education in the process of strengthening democracy. Data collection and analysis: A video published on a YouTube channel, in which mathematical arguments are used to convince public opinion about a certain point of view, was the object of the study whose result is presented in this paper. Design: With theoretical-methodological procedures that are based on the pragmatic theory of fixation of beliefs and on the verification of the mathematical content, the analysis adopted a qualitative approach. Setting and Participants: This is a study about a video considered false by news agencies, aired by a famous Brazilian journalist. Results: The study of fake news and desinformation scenario has allowed us to observe that mathematical speeches linked to the ideology of mathematical certainty are responsible for the establishment of beliefs and the formation of opinions by authority and tenacity methods. Conclusions: We conclude that mathematical models and mathematical discourses used in virtual communication environments can be responsible for camouflaging the human factor in political decisions and obscuring the visibility of ethical and morality variables.

The research aims to analyze aspects/elements of Aristotle's cosmology from Larry Laudan's philosophy of science. The attempt is to present in this article a possible interpretation on how the evolutionary process of cosmology at the time under the focus of Laudan's philosophy, based on research traditions, specific theories, reticulated model, scientific progress, methodology, axiology, etc. We will address the issue of acceptance of specific theories, the issue of effectiveness in solving problems, among other important issues for the aforementioned interpretation. The historical focus will be important as an element that would allow viewing this philosophical interpretation and on how it would be possible to think of a reticulation model in this context, in an attempt to present the tensions between the components of the research tradition, as a way of highlighting the need for constant revision of these elements historically, within the evolutionary process of research traditions. We will use as a basis especially the works Progress and its problems: towards a theory of scientific growth (2011) [1977] and Science and Values (1984).

Sartre, in the work Notebooks for an Ethics (1947-1948), presents notes on the dimension of history that begins to develop initially within his moral reflection. Sartre, however, does not have a finalized version of his theory of history, linking his reflection to a comparison and critique of Hegel's philosophy of history and Marxian historical materialism. The aim of this article is to analyze Sartre's critique of Hegel in the Notebooks for an Ethics about history, showing an outline of Sartre's initial views on history. Sartre makes extensive use of a critique of the possibility of Hegelian dialectics, questioning the dimension of this movement of the real as true. It analyzes the idealization of this movement in the dialectic of the master and the slave in works such as Phenomenology of the Spirit (1807) and discusses the notion of the totality of history. Sartre suggests, based on this critique, his own notion of history linked to a de-totalized totality and a historical becoming centered on freedom.