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Donor aid is often regarded as being informally tied (aid increases donorrecipient exports) and this effect is, in general, interpreted as being harmful to aid recipients. However, in this paper, using a gravity model, we show that aid is also positively associated with recipient-donor exports. That is, aid increases bilateral trade ows in both directions. Our interpretation is that an intensi ed aid relation reduces the e ective cost of geographic distance. We find a particularly strong relation between aid in the form of technical assistance and exports in both directions. When we disaggregate aid to specifically study the effects from trade-related assistance (Aid for Trade) the effect is small and fully accounted for by aid to investments in trade-related infrastructure. Our sample includes all 184 countries for which data is available during the period 1990 to 2005.

This paper measures and compares fragmentation in aid sectors. Past studies focused on aggregate country data but a sector analysis provides a better picture of fragmentation. We start by counting the number of aid projects in the developing world and find that, in 2007, more than 90 000 projects were running simultaneously. Project proliferation is on a steep upward trend and will certainly be reinforced by the emergence of new donors. Developing countries with the largest numbers of aid projects have more than 2 000 in a single year. In parallel to this boom of aid projects, there has been a major shift towards social sectors and, as a consequence, these are the most fragmented. We quantify fragmentation in each aid sector for donors and recipients and identify which exhibit the highest fragmentation. While fragmentation is usually seen as an issue when it is excessive, we also show that some countries suffer from too little fragmentation. An original contribution of this paper is to develop a monopoly index that identifies countries where a donor enjoys monopoly power. Finally, we characterise countries with high fragmentation levels. Countries that are poor, democratic and have a large population get more fragmented aid. However, this is only because poor and democratic countries attract more donors. Once we control for the number of donors in a country-sector, democratic countries do not appear different from non-democratic ones in any sector and poor countries actually have a slightly less fragmented aid allocation.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Series Preface -- Introduction -- Part I The Physician-Patient Relationship -- Duty to Treat -- 1 George J. Annas (1988), 'Legal Risks and Responsibilities of Physicians in the AIDS Epidemic', Hastings Center Report, April/May, pp. 26-32 -- 2 Norman Daniels (1991), 'Duty to Treat or Right to Refuse?', Hastings Center Report, March/April, pp. 36-46 -- 3 Doran Smolkin (1997), 'HIV Infection, Risk Taking, and the Duty to Treat', Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 22, pp. 55-74 -- Confidentiality/Privacy -- 4 Gary B. Melton (1988), 'Ethical and Legal Issues in AIDS-Related Practice', American Psychologist, 43, pp. 941-47 -- 5 Kenneth M. Boyd (1992), 'HIV Infection and AIDS: The Ethics of Medical Confidentiality', Journal of Medical Ethics, 18, pp. 173-79 -- Infected Health Care Workers -- 6 Patti Miller Tereskerz, Richard D. Pearson and Janine Jagger (1999), 'Infected Physicians and Invasive Procedures: National Policy and Legal Reality', The Milbank Quarterly, 77, pp. 511-29 -- 7 Karen C. Lieberman and Arthur R. Derse (1992), 'HIV-Positive Health Care Workers and the Obligation to Disclose: Do Patients Have a Right to Know?', Journal of Legal Medicine, 13, pp. 333-56 -- Part II Aids and the Law -- 8 Larry Gostin (1989), 'The Politics of AIDS: Compulsory State Powers, Public Health, and Civil Liberties', Ohio State Law Journal, 49, pp. 1017-58 -- 9 Richard D. Mohr (1987), 'AIDS, Gays, and State Coercion', Bioethics, 1, pp. 35-50 -- 10 Alistair Orr (1989), 'Legal AIDS: Implications of AIDS and HIV for British and American Law', Journal of Medical Ethics, 15, pp. 61-67 -- 11 Helen Power (1997), 'HIV/AIDS, Sex and the Criminal Law', Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 19, pp. 343-51

HIV and AIDS have posed new challenges to societies, communities and individuals. In many parts of the world, existing health and social services have been hard pressed to cope with the dermands of the epidemic. In hospitals and in the community, new approaches to health education, support and care have been developed. Non-governmental and community organizations have had a central role to play in responding to the challenge of HIV and AIDS. AIDS: Foundations for the Future highlights progress made over the last decade, and offers an agenda for future activism and research. This book examines

THERE IS NOTHING REMOTELY 'NORMAL' ABOUT SOUTHERN AFRICA'S LATEST FAMINE, AND NORMAL SOLUTIONS DO NOT APPLY

WHO estimates that 6 million Africans have been injected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and that 1.16 million cases of AIDS had occurred among adults and children in sub‐Saha‐ran Africa by 1991. These are cumulative figures for ten years, including cases and deaths. AIDS is the only disease for which cumulative figures are published; every other disease is reported annually and new cases are separated from that year's death toll. Although I do not wish to minimize the problem of AIDS in Africa, one should note that the effect of cumulative reporting is to amplify the problem.

"HIV/AIDS is a slow-moving, devastating shock that kills the most productive members of society, increases household dependency ratios, reduces household productivity and caring capacity, and impairs the intergenerational transfer of knowledge. It is socially invisible, complicated by silence, denial, stigma, and discrimination. While it affects both rich and poor, it is the poor who are most severely impacted. Though it affects both sexes, it is not gender neutral. Though AIDS is far more than just another health problem, many development organizations have yet to undertake thorough analyses of its impact on what they do and how they do it. Even fewer have actually changed their policies and procedures to adjust to the new realities. In the era of AIDS, food and nutrition security is becoming even more of a priority for many households and communities. We know that food and nutrition are fundamentally intertwined with HIV transmission and the impacts of AIDS. Evidence of the ways in which food insecurity and malnutrition may increase susceptibility to HIV as well as vulnerability to AIDS impacts, and how HIV/AIDS in turn exacerbates these conditions is increasingly well documented. Food and nutrition security is fundamentally relevant to all four of the conventional pillars of HIV/AIDS response -- prevention, care, treatment, and mitigation --and food aid can be an important addition to the arsenal. This paper, based on a detailed review of the relevant literature and the findings of a mission to eastern and southern Africa, highlights the implications of the HIV/AIDS pandemic for food aid strategy and programming. By viewing food aid programs through an "HIV/AIDS lens" and in the context of a livelihoods approach, the authors argue that organizations can design effective interventions that reduce both susceptibility to HIV and vulnerability to AIDS impacts. Though there is little empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of food aid in responding to HIV/AIDS, the authors argue this should not constrain action. Using past experience as a guide, organizations can learn by doing, documenting, and continuously reassessing their programs using the evolving HIV/AIDS lens. By doing so, they ensure maximal relevance and impact." -- from Authors' Abstract ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; GRP33; Health, Diet and Nutrition; RENEWAL ; FCND

Historicising Chinese foreign‐aid thinking has become indispensable given China's increasing global role. This article examines a key aspect of this context: the Great Leap Forward and the emerging Sino‐Soviet split period (1958‐1961). The Peking Review is utilised as a window into official aid‐related discourses of the time. The article is organized around an aid vs. "aid" rhetorical and conceptual symmetry within the magazine. Aid is ultimately what Mao Zedong and other leaders intend audiences to code as pro‐development and prestigious. The greater the unreciprocated cost to the donor and the higher the embodied technology, the more helpful and prestigious the donor. At the same time, the more ideologically correct the recipient or donor, the greater its relative prestige in the equation. An ideologically correct recipient such as China deserves more help but needs it less, and accrues more prestige even as it gives comparatively less aid. "Aid" is the reverse image of aid in that it is harmful rather than helpful. But instead of being the opposite of prestigious, "aid" is powerful in a predatory, paper tiger‐like way. While this discourse reflects parochial concerns of the period, the underlying concepts are likely to continue to influence contemporary Chinese aid thinking and practices.

Cover Page -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction: World AIDS Day -- Chapter One: AIDS: Past and Present -- Chapter Two: The Global Impact -- Chapter Three: Women and Children -- Chapter Four: The AIDS Stigma -- Chapter Five: Fighting AIDS with Prevention -- Chapter Six: Treating AIDS -- Notes -- Discussion Questions -- Organizations to Contact -- For More Information -- Index -- Picture Credits -- About the Author -- Back Cover

The emerging outlook on the AIDS crisis is bleak; it seems that Millennium Development Goal 6 cannot be achieved in most developing countries by 2015. While most books look at the HIV/AIDS epidemic from an epidemiological point of view, this work evaluates AIDS and the international financing mechanisms of aid from a public good perspective. In contrast to the standard approach of the academic literature on AIDS, which derives policy recommendations from the demand side, this book explicitly considers the supply side. The study does not only advance the public goods literature, it also provides new insights into the effectiveness of international policies and paves the way for policy recommendations. As it reveals the weaknesses of current anti-HIV policies, a more effective allocation of international assistance is postulated.

"World War Aid offers a novel perspective on the unprecedented aid in the Ukrainian conflict, destined to leave an international "echo" reaching far beyond the individual historical case and the aid sector alone. This book clarifies the evolving scenario of a conflict that, before tanks, had long been fought on the territory of aid. The author makes arguments about aid which can be traced back to three sets of issues: 1. Ukraine's history from its independence in 1991 until the war in 2022, that witnessed the evolution of inter-state aid sent to Kyiv. This period anticipated the geo-political dispute over the country's future, and was marked by confrontation between Donors who would later become the protagonists of the war scenario. 2. The exceptionality of the Ukrainian case is discussed by specifically identifying eight peculiarities of wartime aid: the response speed of Western Bilateral Donors; the leading role and primacy of the latter over the non-governmental sector; the key influence exercised by the Ukrainian recipient; the quantity and diversification of aid involved; Russia's conversion of aid into hybrid weapons (Weaponization of Aid); the West's provision of weapons as primary aid (Aidization of Weapons); the excessive anticipation of post-war planning initiatives; and sanctions modeled to represent a new form of aid. 3. Based on these peculiarities, a new model of Interventionist Aid is defined, characterized by a willingness to take an active part in the crisis in which the Donors operate, in order to condition its course and outcome. By preferring tactical purposes to humanitarian ones, and prioritizing military and financial interventions, Interventionist Aid represents an absolute conceptual, political and historical novelty in inter-state aid. At the domestic level, future World Order based on Interventionist Aid highlights the risk of a growing political delegitimization connected with negative narratives of Post-Democracy Aid. Meanwhile - at the international level - a World War Aid is forecasted: a global scenario of belligerent actions fought on a broad spectrum, with aid being used by Donor states to fuel real proxy military confrontations. A highly original take on a key event of the 21st century, World War Aid is an invaluable text for political scientists, analysts and historians of international relations, as well as diplomats and practitioners of foreign policy and foreign aid"--