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El glaucoma es una de las principales causas de ceguera. Cambia la morfología del nervio óptico. La copa es la región central del disco óptico. El CDR (relación del diámetro de la copa y el disco) es un indicador del estado de la enfermedad. Un CDR normal se encuentra entre 0.3 y 0.4. A mayor CDR Glaucoma más avanzado. En este trabajo se pretende demostrar la viabilidad de los algoritmos en los que la forma del disco y la copa son aproximadamente círculos. En estos casos el número de parámetros es mucho menor y, al menos, en nuestras pruebas iniciales la aproximación es más realista que con las formas originales para su implementación en aprendizaje profundo. ; Glaucoma is one of the main causes of blindness. It changes the morphology of the optic nerve. The cup is the central region of the optical disc. The CDR (ratio of the diameter of the cup and disc) is an indicator of the state of the disease. A normal CDR is between 0.3 and 0.4. A higher CDR more advanced glaucoma. In this work we try to demonstrate the viability of algorithms in which the shape of the disc and the cup are approximately circles. In these cases, the number of parameters is much lower and, at least, in our initial tests the approach is sometimes more realistic than with the original forms for a Deep learning implementation. ; NPP project funded by SAIT (2015-2018) ; Spanish government grant European Regional Development Fund COFNET TEC2016-77785-P

Der Virus HIV und die erworbene Immunschwäche-Krankheit AIDS führen häufig zur Stigmatisierung der Betroffenen. Sozialwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen dieser Stigmatisierungsprozesse zielen zumeist auf Meinungen, sehr viel weniger jedoch auf Gefühle. In unserer Studie haben wir uns deshalb mit der Rolle von Emotionen im Prozess der Stigmatisierung von Menschen, die mit HIV/AIDS leben, durch Professionelle im Gesundheitsbereich beschäftigt. Hierzu wurden im Rahmen eines explorativen und qualitativen Designs halbstrukturierte Tiefeninterviews durchgeführt. Das Sample setzte sich zusammen aus 80 Professionellen und Studierenden aus Psychologie, Sozialarbeit, Medizin und Pflegewissenschaft. In den Ergebnissen unserer Untersuchung wurden mit HIV/AIDS assoziierte Gefühle wie Mitleid, Ekel und Angst sichtbar, wobei die Forschungsteilnehmer(innen) das Bedürfnis artikulierten, diese Gefühle im Umgang mit Betroffenen kontrollieren zu wollen. Die Ergebnisse verwiesen auch auf die Erfordernis, Faktoren weiter zu untersuchen, die den Umgang mit Emotionen vermitteln – so z.B. die jeweiligen sozialen Kontexte, in denen sie ausgelöst werden, oder die Frage, wem gegenüber solche Gefühle offenbart werden –, und um so Prozesse der HIV/AIDS-bezogenen Stigmatisierung besser verstehen zu können.

Rich countries spend about $100 billion a year on poor countries.But details about how this money is spent-and why-is usually unavailable. Even the aggregate figures reported to the public are often of pledges of aid rather than actual amounts spent. Using a detailed data set from Spain, 1999-2003, we explore how at least one rich country has chosen to spend its foreign aid budget, including a closer look at actual projects funded. Moreover, we will attempt to examine the political forces that shaped the allocation of that aid. In particular, we divide political factors into three groups: domestic, regional, and strategic, and find that all three play a role in how much money a poor country receives from donors.

1. Introducción: la problemática compatibilidad de la financiación pública del deporte (fútbol) profesional con el régimen de ayudas de Estado de la Unión Europea. 2. Referencia a las previsiones del Derecho de la Unión Europea sobre ayudas de Estado. 2.1. La regulación de los artículos 107 a 109 TFUE. 2.2. La referencia al deporte del Reglamento (UE) 2015/1588, del Consejo, de 13 de julio de 2015, sobre la aplicación de los artículos 107 y 108 del TFUE a determinadas categorías de ayudas estatales horizontales. 2.3. La financiación de infraestructuras deportivas en el Reglamento (UE) № 651/2014, de la Comisin, de 17 de junio de 2014, por el que se declaran determinadas categorías de ayudas compatibles con el mercado interior en aplicación de los artículos 107 y 108 TFUE. ; 1. Introduction: the problematic compatibility of public financing of professional sports (football) with the State aid scheme of the European Union. 2. Reference to the provisions of European Union Law on State aid. 2.1. The regulation of articles 107 to 109 TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union). 2.2. The reference to the sport of Council Regulation (EU) 2015/1588 of 13 July 2015 on the application of Articles 107 and 108 TFEU to certain categories of horizontal state aid. 2.3. The financing of sports infrastructures in Commission Regulation (EU) № 651/2014 of 17 June 2014, declaring certain categories of aid compatible with the internal market in application of Articles 107 and 108 TFEU.

Durante los últimos años se han ido incorporando numerosas líneas de ayuda de las diferentes administraciones públicas dedicadas a actuaciones urbanísticas. Por un lado están los apoyos establecidos por la UE a través de los Fondos Estructurales (FEDER), en concreto con la iniciativa URBAN, destinada a dotar a los barrios degradados social y económicamente de infraestructuras y servicios públicos. Por otro, las ayudas promovidas por las administraciones nacionales orientadas sobre todo a la rehabilitación urbana. En el texto se hace seguimiento legal de estas actuaciones y las políticas seguidas por el Estado, las Comunidades Autónomas y las administraciones locales en la materia.In the last years, many aid lines have been added from different civil services devoted to urban performances. On the one hand, there are the supports given by the European community through the Structural Funds (FEDER); The project URBAN is an initiative whose aim is to provide neighbourhoods diminished social and econornically with infrastructures and public services. On the other hand, there are the aids sponsored by civil service in order to get urban rehabilitation. The purpose of this paper is to carry out these performances legal monitoring and the policies taken on this matter by the government, the autonomous communities and the local town councils.

El documento se encuentra en versión electrónica ; Primeros auxilios es la última unidad temática del curso de salud pública dirigido al personal de tropa en servicio militar voluntario; tema que ha sido incorporado a la curricula del citado curso, a solicitud del Ministerio de Defensa, con el propósito de procurar un entrenamiento integral del alumno.

I study the causal effect of the foreign aid for development assistance ¿implemented by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)¿ on the intensity of municipality-level armed conflict in Colombia, for the period 2009-2013. To address potential endogeneity biases, I use a Bartik-like instrument which exploits the spatial persistence of aid from USAID in Colombia. Specifically, I instrument foreign aid with the interaction between the United States GDP and municipality-level intent-to-treat indicators for the Malaria Eradication Campaigns (circa 1957). The results point out that foreign aid reduces the insurgency associated with left-wing guerrillas, especially FARC. However, foreign aid does not affect the violence associated with criminal gangs from right-wing paramilitary origins (BACRIM). I provide both quantitative and anecdotic evidence on two potential mechanisms behind my results: (i) Development programs raise the opportunity cost of fighting and; (ii) foreign aid improves the trust, and the information flows between civilians and the government. Finally, I provide empirical evidence that casts doubt on two alternative channels whose predictions cannot be reconciled with the results: (i) that foreign aid increases the potentially- looted rents by the insurgents and; (ii) that development programs rise targeted assassinations committed by insurgents to sabotage and reestablish bargaining power.

This article presents a political reflection on HIV-aids, structured in four moments: First, an approach to life policies where the action of necropolitics, bio power, biopolitics and bio privacy in relation to HIV-aids is revealed; second, it addresses a political anthropology of the body, which warns of the different forms of power, violence and truth experienced by people living with HIVAIDS; third, an approach to the way in which a moral economy of punishment is reproduced, where normative, medical-sanitary, elements of life, body and society are articulated; Fourth, it is proposed to repoliticize HIV-aids, in order to provide inputs to build a different social order for people living with that reality. ; Este artículo presenta una reflexión política acerca del VIH-sida, estructurada en cuatro momentos: primero, una aproximación a las políticas de la vida donde se devela el actuar de la necropolítica, el biopoder, la biopolítica y biolegitimidad en relación con el VIH-sida; segundo, se aborda una antropología política del cuerpo, la cual advierte las distintas formas de poder, violencia y verdad que experimentan las personas que viven con VIH-sida; tercero, un acercamiento al modo en que se reproduce una economía moral del castigo, donde se articulanelementos normativos, médico-sanitarios, de la vida, el cuerpo y la sociedad; cuarto, se propone repolitizar el VIH-sida a fin de brindar insumos que permitan construir un orden social diferente para las personas que viven con dicha realidad.

The aim of the article was to reveal the content of the controversial elements of the illegal use of humanitarian aid, provided for in Article 201-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine; to clarify the validity of the introduction of this prohibition and, moreover, to discuss its impact on law enforcement. All of which in order to be able to determine the prospects for the development of criminal law in the field. Several research methods have been used in the article, such as: comparative, systemic-structural and legal-formal. Referring to the appropriate methodological basis has made it possible to delve into the issues of criminal liability for embezzlement of humanitarian aid funds in Ukraine. Based on the results of the comparative analysis, it has been noted that there are no special provisions on appropriation and embezzlement of humanitarian aid items in the legislation of certain European states. As a conclusion it has been argued that the introduction of article 201-2 in the Criminal Code, is an example of excessive criminalization because: in this case, the act, which is inherent in the social harmfulness necessary for criminalization, did not require criminalization, since criminal liability for it has already existed and is broadly typified in the law.

The text examines the article 11 of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights of UNESCO that deals with the principle of non-discrimination and non-stigmatization. Both concepts are related to the theme of human dignity, while discrimination is an inherent part of stigma: stigma does not exist if there is no discrimination. In this context, this paper aims to study the relationship between stigma, discrimination and HIV / AIDS. The study argues that to loosen the bonds that hold the subjects that are attached to them is necessary questioning the broader for­ces - social, cultural, political and economic - that structure stigma, stigmatization and discrimination as social processes directly linked to production and reproduction of structural inequalities.

The text examines the article 11 of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights of UNESCO that deals with the principle of non-discrimination and non-stigmatization. Both concepts are related to the theme of human dignity, while discrimination is an inherent part of stigma: stigma does not exist if there is no discrimination. In this context, this paper aims to study the relationship between stigma, discrimination and HIV / AIDS. The study argues that to loosen the bonds that hold the subjects that are attached to them is necessary questioning the broader for­ces - social, cultural, political and economic - that structure stigma, stigmatization and discrimination as social processes directly linked to production and reproduction of structural inequalities.