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The aim of this article is to analyze Brazil's foreign policy towards the South American region during President Lula's administration. As such, the article intends to highlight two specific dimensions: the extent to which foreign policy during this period has differed from previous periods and the relative importance granted by Brazilian diplomacy to recent cooperation and integration efforts, more specifically the Unasur and Mercosur. The article argues that the Lula administration has behaved differently from its predecessors by prioritizing the building up of Brazilian leadership in South America on several different fronts, especially by strengthening multilateral institutions in the region. Adapted from the source document.

Este ensaio analisa a mudança política de longo prazo que teve início com a revolução de independência na América Hispânica: a experiência republicana do século XIX. A adoção do princípio de soberania popular para fundar e legitimar o governo e a autoridade, comum para quase todas as tentativas de conformação de novas comunidades políticas após a ruptura da ordem monárquica espanhola, trouxe mudanças decisivas nas normas, nas instituições e nas práticas políticas. Para analisar tais mudanças, este ensaio recorre à categoria de "cidadania" como lente de observação que permite o questionamento sobre a participação política e as formas de inclusão/exclusão na república. Na base de uma ampla bibliografia disponível sobre o assunto, são explorados traços e tendências compartilhados em relação com a instituição da cidadania em três de suas fases mais estudadas até hoje: a eleitoral, a das armas e a que se refere à opinião pública. ; Este ensayo reflexiona sobre el cambio político de largo plazo que se inaugura con la revolución de independencia en Hispanoamérica: la experiencia republicana del siglo XIX. La adopción del principio de la soberanía popular para fundar y legitimar el gobierno y la autoridad, que fue común a casi todos los intentos de conformación de nuevas comunidades políticas después del estallido del orden monárquico español, trajo cambios decisivos en las normas, las instituciones y las prácticas políticas. Para analizar esos cambios, este ensayo recurre a la categoría de "ciudadanía" como una lente de observación que permite preguntarse sobre la participación política y las formas de inclusión/ exclusión en la república. En base a una amplia bibliografía disponible sobre esta cuestión, se exploran rasgos y tendencias compartidas en relación con la institución de la ciudadanía en tres de sus facetas más estudiadas hasta el momento: la electoral, la de las armas y la que refiere a la opinión pública. ; The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon the vast and long-term political change triggered by the fall of the Spanish Empire and the wars of independence in Spanish America. After the revolutions, attempts at nation building followed different directions, but all the new polities in the making adopted republican forms of government based on the principle of popular sovereignty. This "republican experiment" entailed a radical change in political norms and institutions, as well as in political practices. By resorting to the category of "citizenship", this essay focuses on one aspect of that vast political transformation, which pertains to political participation and to the borders of inclusion and exclusion from the polity. On the basis of the recent literature on these topics, it explores the institution of citizenship in nineteenth-century Spanish America.

This article intends to show that the South America construction came from a concept reinvention. It is used in the speech and practice of Brazilian diplomacy and is based on elements related to hegemony, leadership, hispanic and latin-american identity. The text tracks the idea of South America since its intellectual origins until its institucionalization in regional political and diplomatic arrangements. Adapted from the source document.

Since last years, Latin America has been characterized for some sociopolitical changes. In this article, we defend that the continuities has been so relevant as the changes. To demonstrate it we will analyze three continuity elements: nationalism, populism and economic structure based on raw material exportations; and three change elements: democratization, political mobilization of ethnic identities and adoption of international insertion strategies even more distinct. Adapted from the source document.

This article offers an evaluation of the United States relationship with Latin America during Bush's two terms at the White House. We argue that the main trend of the Bush administration in Latin America has been a process of "hemispheric disengagement" which has led to the erosion of American influence in the region, a problem that the next President will have to address, be he a Democrat or a Republican. Tables, Graphs, References. Adapted from the source document.

This work discusses the way in which globalization has changed the conditions for local and regional development in Latin America. The firts chapter deals with the changing relationship between development and territories. Chapter two situates Latin America in the contemporary globalization. Chapter three is dedicated to Argentina and Chile, discussing the elaboration of the "chilean model" and its replication. Finally chapter four presents the theme of continental integration. ; Ce travail aborde la façon dont la mondialisation a modifié les conditions de développement des territoires en Amérique latine. Le premier chapitre est consacré à la façon dont a évolué la relation entre développement et territoires. Le second chapitre situe l'Amérique latine dans la mondialisation contemporaine. Le troisième chapitre est plus spécifiquement consacré à l'Argentine et au Chili et discute le "modèle chilien" et sa réplication. Enfin le qutrième chapitre aborde la question de l'intégration continentale.

This work discusses the way in which globalization has changed the conditions for local and regional development in Latin America. The firts chapter deals with the changing relationship between development and territories. Chapter two situates Latin America in the contemporary globalization. Chapter three is dedicated to Argentina and Chile, discussing the elaboration of the "chilean model" and its replication. Finally chapter four presents the theme of continental integration. ; Ce travail aborde la façon dont la mondialisation a modifié les conditions de développement des territoires en Amérique latine. Le premier chapitre est consacré à la façon dont a évolué la relation entre développement et territoires. Le second chapitre situe l'Amérique latine dans la mondialisation contemporaine. Le troisième chapitre est plus spécifiquement consacré à l'Argentine et au Chili et discute le "modèle chilien" et sa réplication. Enfin le qutrième chapitre aborde la question de l'intégration continentale.

International audience ; The concern for Latin America to count in the global strategy can be supported by various demographic arguments both for Latin America as a whole and for Brazil. However, various issues looming could cause other demographic questions and, therefore, political or geopolitical. ; Le souci de l'Amérique latine de compter dans la stratégie mondiale peut être étayée par divers arguments démographiques tant pour l'Amérique latine dans son ensemble que pour le Brésil. Néanmoins, divers enjeux qui se profilent pourraient provoquer d'autres questionnements démographiques et, donc, politiques ou géopolitiques.

A critical analysis of the relations between the European Union, Latin America & Caribbean. This article aims to explicit the "strategic association" between those partners, proposed in Rio de Janeiro, in 1999, & reiterated by the Vienna Summit in 2006. The text also intends to demonstrate why these meetings failed to foster an effective approximation. References. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; The concern for Latin America to count in the global strategy can be supported by various demographic arguments both for Latin America as a whole and for Brazil. However, various issues looming could cause other demographic questions and, therefore, political or geopolitical. ; Le souci de l'Amérique latine de compter dans la stratégie mondiale peut être étayée par divers arguments démographiques tant pour l'Amérique latine dans son ensemble que pour le Brésil. Néanmoins, divers enjeux qui se profilent pourraient provoquer d'autres questionnements démographiques et, donc, politiques ou géopolitiques.

This work discusses the way in which globalization has changed the conditions for local and regional development in Latin America. The firts chapter deals with the changing relationship between development and territories. Chapter two situates Latin America in the contemporary globalization. Chapter three is dedicated to Argentina and Chile, discussing the elaboration of the "chilean model" and its replication. Finally chapter four presents the theme of continental integration. ; Ce travail aborde la façon dont la mondialisation a modifié les conditions de développement des territoires en Amérique latine. Le premier chapitre est consacré à la façon dont a évolué la relation entre développement et territoires. Le second chapitre situe l'Amérique latine dans la mondialisation contemporaine. Le troisième chapitre est plus spécifiquement consacré à l'Argentine et au Chili et discute le "modèle chilien" et sa réplication. Enfin le qutrième chapitre aborde la question de l'intégration continentale.

The article addresses the lack of economic, political, and cultural unification in Latin America, analyzing its causes and results, and unfavorably comparing the situation to the kind of unification that has led to the strength of the EU. R. Young

This article examines the record of structural reforms & regional economic integration in Latin America during the last few decades. In contrast to the optimism of the early 1990's, there is a sense of confusion & frustration across the region today. Growth has slowed, new investment has declined, & chronic problems of inequality & poverty persist. A slow but perceptible political backlash against orthodox market-oriented policies has set in. In light of these developments, this article aims at rethinking the last three decades of economic reform in the region. First, it examines some recent work on the economic policies in place in Latin America before the recent neoliberal reforms -- those of import substitution industrialization. Second, it discusses the wide variation in the implementation of market oriented policies in the region. Third, it looks at the impacts of these reforms, including their disappointing results in certain areas. Fourth, it analyzes the search for a new consensus on economic policy & trade integration in the Americas. Adapted from the source document.