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The anthropometric elderly, arbitrarily defined as those 65 years of age and above, are a distinct subgroup with special human factors needs. They are significantly smaller in stature and in many other body dimensions than the general population. This smaller size results both from the secular trend (people are currently growing taller and larger than in the past) and from various biological changes inherent in the aging process. Weight and certain other dimensions are less age-affected, however, except at more advanced ages. Existing information on the anthropometry of the elderly is reviewed, and tabular data are presented on selected "human engineering" dimensions. Additional, more comprehensive, functional anthropometric data are needed for this population.

The goal of this study was to collect anthropometric data that describe the geometry of the surface of the hand and to model this anthropometry as a function of gross external hand measurements. The depth and breadth of each segment of the hand were measured at points that were spaced at approximately equal distances between the joints of the hand. Linear models using hand breadth as the independent variable explained from 12% to 47% of the variation in segment breadths and from 6% to 74% in segment depths. Ellipsoids are used in biomechanical models as an efficient mathematical description of the shape of kinematic segments for use in the determination of contact with other objects. Therefore the primary objectives of this study were to approximate the semiaxis dimensions for these hand segment contact bodies using a linear model of the gross anthropometry and to evaluate the accuracy with which ellipsoids describe the geometry of the hand segments. Graphical comparisons showed that differences between the ellipsoidal approximations and the breadth and depth measurements were largest near the joints. Data collected in this study could be used to create a set of overlapping ellipsoids that would provide a more accurate representation of hand geometry, and this representation could be adapted to biomechanical models that use ellipsoids to define segment geometry.

Available anthropometric information on the elderly in the United States is discussed. Demographic data as well as information on performance capabilities and limitations (such as strength, endurance, and mobility) are needed for ergonomic design of tools, utensils, equipment, and vehicles to improve the working and living environment for the elderly. Recommendations are made for collection of more information.

A need was identified for data concerned with maximum possible and maximum comfortable angular displacement of the thumb. These measures, along with thumb reach data, were collected from a sample of 105 subjects. It was found that thumb reach was not correlated with either maximum or most comfortable degree of angular displacement. In addition, angular displacement was not correlated with age. Design guidelines for angular displacement of the thumb are provided.

The purpose of this study was to establish a static anthropometric data bank for Chinese civilians in Taiwan using a computer-analyzed photographic method. Stratified random sampling was applied to decide the sampling site; sample size was established by considering standard errors in a pilot study. Then a photographic method was employed in addition to direct measurement of selected body dimensions. In all, 933 subjects were measured. The data were entered via a digitizer into a microcomputer for processing. The resulting anthropometric data bank was organized by age, sex, and occupational groupings. Comparisons with data from previous studies were made, and recommendations for further research presented.

A large amount of information on the body size of United States Army personnel, both men and women, has been collected during several anthropometric surveys carried out between 1946 and 1977. Changes in the body site of Army men between 1946 and 1966 and of Army women between 1946 and 1977 may be examined in an analysis of these anthropometric data. The data also may be utilized to define the contrasts in body size between Army men and women for application in the design and sizing of clothing and in the human engineering of equipment and materiel intended for use by both Army men and women.

An anthropometric description was developed for the fetal region of women at three, six, and nine months of pregnancy. This involved superimposing a fetal ellipse on abdominal and pelvic ellipses of seated women from a previous study. The data were developed for women of 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile size. The ellipses identify body contact zones on the side and front which would interact with the fetal region in a crash. The new information provides spatial characteristics of pregnant women for the development of test dummies, accommodating restraints, and friendly interiors and for enhancing crash protection. This research addresses the 342 deaths of pregnant women estimated to occur annually in motor vehicle crashes.

Körpermaße der Mutter und des Vaters.

Themen: Angaben zur Mutter an einem Meßzeitpunkt: Alter;
Körpergewicht; Körperhöhe; Stammlänge; Brustbreite und -tiefe;
Schulterbreite; Beckenbreite; Angaben zu weiteren drei
Meßzeitpunkten: Trizeps; Hüfte, Bauch; Brust; Körpergewicht und
deren Zunahme; Leibesumfang; Angabe zum Vater: Körpergewicht und
-höhe; Stammlänge; Brustbreite und -tiefe; Schulterbreite;
Beckenbreite; Trizeps; Hüfte, Bauch; Brust.

Körpermaße Nichtschwangerer.

Themen: Alter; Körpergewicht und -höhe; Stammlänge; Brustbreite
und -tiefe; Schulterbreite; Beckenbreite.

Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: Anthropology of Estonians in connection with the problems of ethnogenesis

Körpermaße des Säuglings.

Themen: Angaben zu fünf verschiedenen Meßzeitpunkten zu Alter;
Geschlecht; Körpergewicht und -länge; Stamm-, Arm- und Handlänge;
Handbreite; Kopfbreite, -länge und -umfang; Brustumfang und
-tiefe; Schulterbreite; Beckenbreite; Trizeps; Hautfalte Brust.

Körpermaße des Säuglings am 4. Lebenstag.

Themen: Angaben am vierten Lebenstag über Alter; Geschlecht;
Körpergewicht; Körperlänge; Stammlänge; Armlänge; Handlänge;
Handbreite; Kopfbreite, -länge und -umfang; Brustumfang;
Brusttiefe; Schulterbreite; Beckenbreite; Trizeps; Hautfalte
Brust.