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Front Cover -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- Overview -- Management Response -- Management Action Record -- Chairperson's Summary: Committee on Development Effectiveness -- 1 Introduction to Public-Private Partnerships -- What Are PPPs? -- Rationale for Supporting PPPs -- PPPs and the Poor -- PPP Trends Globally and the World Bank Group's Engagement -- Evaluation Design -- 2 Relevance of World Bank Group Support -- The World Bank Group's Strategic Framework for PPPs -- The World Bank Group's Strategic Resources Deployment on PPPs -- Addressing Countries' Development Priorities and PPP Constraints -- Conclusion -- 3 Paving the Way for PPPs through Policy Reform and Institution Building -- World Bank Group Interventions to Improve the PPP Enabling Environment -- Focus and Results of World Bank Group Upstream Work -- Drivers of Success of Upstream Work -- Conclusion -- 4 Did Public-Private Partnerships Deliver? -- World Bank Group Support to Structuring and Financing PPPs -- Results of World Bank Group Support to PPPs -- Drivers of Success and Failure of PPP Performance -- Conclusion -- 5 Working as One World Bank Group -- Leveraging of Synergies across One World Bank Group -- The Case for PPP Country Diagnostics -- Challenges and Opportunities for the Future -- Conclusion -- 6 The Experience of Other Multilateral Development Banks with Public-Private Partnerships -- Asian Development Bank -- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development -- Inter-American Development Bank -- African Development Bank -- European Investment Bank -- Conclusions -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Appendixes -- Appendix A Methodology Used to Identify Public-Private Partnership Projects -- Appendix B Public-Private Partnership Indicators -- Appendix C Country Case Study Methodology.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Summary of Contents -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Global Outlook -- Summary -- Global context -- Pandemic developments -- Global trade -- Commodity markets -- Global inflation and financial developments -- Major economies: Recent developments and outlook -- Advanced economies -- China -- Emerging market and developing economies -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Per capita income growth, poverty, and inequality -- Global outlook and risks -- Global outlook -- Risks to the outlook -- Policy challenges -- Key global challenges -- Challenges in advanced economies -- Challenges in emerging market and developing economies -- References -- Special Focus: Resolving High Debt after the Pandemic: Lessons from Past Episodes of Debt Relief -- Introduction -- Lessons from past debt resolutions -- Past debt resolution -- Past umbrella facilities for debt relief -- Commonalities among past umbrella frameworks for debt relief -- Differences among past umbrella frameworks for debt relief -- Changes in debt resolution and the emergence of collective action clauses -- The Common Framework in historical comparison -- Implications for future debt reduction and resolution -- References -- Chapter 2: Regional Outlooks -- East Asia and Pacific -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Europe and Central Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Middle East and North Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- South Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- References -- Chapter 3: Commodity Price Cycles: Drivers and Policies -- Introduction.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Summary of Contents -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Global Outlook -- Summary -- Global context -- Pandemic developments -- Global trade -- Financial markets -- Commodity markets -- Major economies: Recent developments and outlook -- United States -- Euro area -- Japan -- China -- Emerging market and developing economies -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Global outlook and risks -- Global outlook -- Risks to the outlook -- Policy challenges -- Challenges in advanced economies -- Challenges in emerging market and developing economies -- Global coordination and cooperation -- Annex 1 Methodology -- References -- Chapter 2 Regional Outlooks -- East Asia and Pacific -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Europe and Central Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Middle East and North Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- South Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- References -- Chapter 3 Global Economy: Heading into a Decade of Disappointments? -- Introduction -- Pre-pandemic decade of economic weakness -- Structural weaknesses in growth -- Downgraded expectations -- Economic impact of the pandemic -- Circumstances associated with downgraded prospects -- Downgrades after the global financial crisis -- Downgrades after country-specific adverse events -- Reform options -- Human capital accumulation -- Infrastructure investment -- Increasing the labor supply -- Creating a growth-friendly environment -- Effects of reforms -- Effects on potential growth -- Effects on growth expectations -- Conclusion -- Annex 3.1 Methodology: Local projection estimation.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Overview of main findings -- Size of economies -- GDP expenditure components -- Per capita measures -- Intercountry income inequality -- Price levels -- Variability across economies -- Comparison of 2017 results with revised 2011 results -- Chapter 2 ICP 2017 results -- Tables of 2017 results -- Survey framework -- Chapter 3 Purchasing power parities and real expenditures -- Concepts and definitions -- Use and applications of PPPs and real expenditures -- Chapter 4 Governance and organization -- Governance of ICP 2017 -- Regional and national organization -- Chapter 5 Methodology -- Conceptual framework -- Expenditure data -- Price data -- PPP calculation and estimation -- Chapter 6 Looking forward -- Appendix A: History of the International Comparison Program -- Appendix B: The ICP's governance framework -- The ICP's governance structure -- The roles and responsibilities of the ICP governance bodies -- Appendix C: ICP expenditure classification -- 2017 ICP expenditure classification structure -- Main aggregates -- Deriving actual individual consumption -- Facilitating the input price approach -- Adjusting household expenditure to the national concept -- Updates introduced for the 2017 ICP expenditure classification -- Appendix D: Reference PPPs used in ICP 2017 -- Appendix E: Revised 2011 results and comparisons with original ICP 2011 results -- Appendix F: Comparison of ICP 2017 results with World Development Indicators data -- Appendix G: ICP research agenda -- Appendix H: ICP data access and archive policy -- Background -- Data access objectives -- Guiding principles -- Procedures for archiving data -- Procedures for accessing data -- Appendix I: ICP revision policy -- Background -- Triggers for revising ICP indicators.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Global Outlook: A Fragile Recovery -- Summary -- Major economies: Recent developments and outlook -- Global trends -- Emerging market and developing economies: Recent developments and outlook -- Risks to the outlook -- Policy challenges -- References -- Box 1.1 Low-income countries: Recent developments and outlook -- Box 1.2 Regional perspectives: Recent developments and outlook -- Special Focus 1 Debt Dynamics in Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Time to Act? -- Introduction -- Evolution of fiscal positions -- Fiscal positions in episodes of financial stress -- Conclusion -- References -- Special Focus 2 Arm's-Length Trade: A Source of Post-Crisis Trade Weakness -- Introduction -- Characteristics of intra-firm and arm's-length trade -- Evolution of intra-firm and arm's-length trade since the crisis -- Factors contributing to the sharp post-crisis slowdown in arm's-length trade -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Regional Outlooks -- East Asia and Pacific -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Europe and Central Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Box 2.2.1 Reversal in 2016 of diverging growth paths -- Risks -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Box 2.3.1 Continued growth divergence within Latin America and the Caribbean -- Risks -- Middle East and North Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- South Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Box 2.6.1 Deteriorating public finances in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Risks -- References -- Statistical Appendix -- Selected Topics -- Figures -- 1.1 Global prospects -- 1.2 Global risks and policy challenges -- 1.3 Advanced economies -- 1.4 United States -- 1.5 Euro Area.

Intro -- CONTENTS -- Cover -- Title -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- I. Executive Summary -- II. Peru's Fiscal Challenges and Vulnerabilities -- III. Reorienting the Budget Toward Pro-Poor Expenditure -- IV. Improving the Efficiency of Public Expenditure -- V. Addressing the Promises and Risks of Decentralization -- VI. Upgrading the Civil Service -- VII. Improving Governance and Reducing Corruption -- VIII. Fine-Tuning Fiscal and Environmental Mining Policies -- Annex A. A Public Debt Sustainability Analysis for Peru -- Annex B. The Fiscal Effort Required for a Sustained Structural Deficit -- Annex C. Questionnaire on Public Financial Management -- Annex D. A Public Expenditure Tracking Survey: Methodological Issues -- Annex E. Public Enterprise Reform in Peru: Introducing Management Contracts at FONAFE -- Annex F. A Methodology for Functional Reviews and for Analyzing Functional Prospects -- Annex G. List of Background Papers -- Statistical Appendix -- Bibliography -- Map of Peru -- LIST OF TABLES -- LIST OF FIGURES -- LIST OF BOXES.

Intro -- CONTENTS -- Title -- Abstract -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Executive Summary -- Chapter 1. Sector Review and Key Issues -- Chapter 2. Promoting Competitiveness -- Chapter 3. Improving Factor Markets -- Chapter 4. Risk Management Instruments -- References -- LIST OF TABLES -- FIGURES -- BOXES.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms -- Overview -- 1. Investing in people -- 2. Growing through productivity -- 3. Stabilizing the economy -- 4. Delivering government services to all -- 5. Managing BrazilÌs natural inheritance -- PART I -- 1 Education -- 2 Health -- 3 Social Protection -- PART II -- 4 Financial Sector -- 5 Infrastructure -- 6 Private Sector Development -- 7 Innovation and Knowledge -- PART III -- 8 Development and Conservation of Forests -- 9 Rural Development and Natural Resources -- 10 Municipal Urban Services, Housing, and Land Markets -- 11 Water, Poverty Reduction, and Sustainable Development -- PART IV -- 12 Macroeconomic Stability -- 13 Fiscal Sustainability -- 14 Public Sector -- References.

Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Glossary -- Overview -- 1 Conceptual Framework, Stylized Facts, and the Role of the Government -- 2 The Use of Long-Term Finance by Firms and Households: Determinants and Impact -- 3 The Use of Markets for Long-Term Finance -- 4 Banks and Nonbank Financial Institutions as Providers of Long-Term Finance -- Statistical Appendixes -- A: Basic Data on Financial System Characteristics, 2011-13 -- B: Key Aspects of Long-Term Finance -- Bibliography -- BOXES -- O.1 Main Messages of This Report -- O.2 Practitioners' Views on Long-Term Finance: Global Financial Development Barometer -- O.3 The Role of Multilateral Development Banks in Mobilizing Long-Term Finance -- O.4 Navigating This Report -- 1.1 The Role of Infrastructure in Economic Development -- 1.2 A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Use of Long-Term Finance -- 1.3 Intermediaries and Markets for Long-Term Finance -- 1.4 Development Banks and Long-Term Finance: Two Different Approaches -- 1.5 Using Credit Guarantees to Reduce the Risk of Long-Term Lending -- 2.1 Firms' Long-Term Finance and Investment after the Global Financial Crisis -- 2.2 Did the Global Financial Crisis Affect Firms' Leverage and Debt Maturity? -- 2.3 What Explains the Variation of Firm Debt Maturity across Countries? -- 2.4 Contract Enforcement and Use of Long-Term Finance: Evidence from Debt Recovery Tribunals in India -- 2.5 The Impact of Credit Information Sharing on Loan Maturity -- 2.6 Information Asymmetries and Use of Long-Term Debt in the United States -- 2.7 Short-Term Debt and Good Governance: Are They Substitutes or Complements? -- 2.8 Political Connections and Firms' Use of Long-Term Debt in China -- 2.9 The Rise of the Annuity Market in Chile -- 2.10 Sensitivity of Human Capital Investment to the Development of Credit Markets.