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By using a framework developed by Salter and Corden, this paper examines the nature of the East Asian NIEs adjustment experience. The East Asian NIEs responded to external shocks with a policy package which included downward adjustments in exchange rates and reductions in absorption, especially public consumption. (DSE)

AbstractThe two oil price increases and the subsequent recessions in the industrial countries in the 1970s constituted large external shocks for the trade‐dependent East Asian newly industrializing economies (NIEs). The effects of these external shocks on their balance of payments were two‐fold. First, the higher price of oil meant deteriorations of terms of trade and hence increases in import bills. The second impact was recession‐induced declines in the volume of exports. The recession also added to the protectionist pressures, especially against labour‐intensive exports of the NIEs. Therefore, there was a secondary decline in the demand for the NIE's exports. Unlike many other developing countries, however, the East Asian NIEs have coped with such large external shocks quite remarkably. In less than a decade they have been able to turn their current account deficits into surpluses. By using a framework developed by Salter and Corden, this paper seeks to examine the nature of the East Asian NIEs adjustment experience. The East Asian NIEs responded to external shocks with a policy package which included downward adjustments in exchange rates and reductions in absorption, especially public consumption. In the short run the depreciation of their currencies improved competitiveness and discouraged imports. It also switched expenditure away from tradables freeing goods for exports. While these short‐run adjustments improved their current accounts, the long‐run adjustments were crucial in sustaining these improvements and eventually producing surpluses in current accounts. In the longer run, depreciations of their currencies switched the production structure of Korea — and to some extent that of Taiwan — towards tradables. Hong Kong and Singapore were relatively less successful in restructuring their economy towards the traded sector. In the case of Singapore it was perhaps due to an excessive emphasis on the home‐ownership scheme. In Hong Kong the tying of Hong Kong dollar to that of the US led to a substantial appreciation of the currency when the US dollar rose in the early 1980s. Nevertheless, they were relatively more successful than most other developing countries. This paper suggests that this was due to their ability to regulate the labour market which, in turn, enhanced the switching effect of devaluation.

Information for Sustainable Development is a landmark publication that examines the perspectives, challenges and progress towards achieving the targets of the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs), through the lens of information science. Written by an author team with extensive experience in the research and practice of information and sustainability, the book provides a thorough introduction to the SDGs and the impact of information, data, people and society on measuring performance and assessing progress in achieving the SDG goals.Split into four distinct sections, the book provides an introduction to the landscape for information, data and metadata in the context of the SDGs, before exploring key topics such as: (1) how metadata is used in measuring progress and success, and the challenges and complexities of calculation methods and the interpretation of data; (2) digital literacy and the digital divide across different countries and regions, and how critical information skills are in achieving success in the SDGs; (3) specific human and social challenges associated with the SDGs; (4) education for sustainable development and the role of environmental literacy; (5) examination of the research and development in the information sector around green libraries, climate change and sustainability, including a proposed research and training framework for future information science research.

This book examines both border policies and oppositional narratives of "the border," 2011-2021, demonstrating that the term designates not merely a line of territorial control but also a set of social relations shaped by persistent, racially differentiated colonial structures and, more recently, by neoliberal modes of accumulation. These relations are shown to determine access to wealth and/or resources and to enable the management of labor, the extraction of surplus, and the accumulation of capital. Discussion in the book is informed by the history of these policies and by the critical literature on borders. Various cultural texts focusing on two border zones--the US-Mexico and the EU-Southern Mediterranean--are analyzed: specifically, two novels, two films, and two murals examined in conjunction with a music video. A path to a borderless future is suggested: an abolitionist refusal of border rules with an insistence on the necessity of abolition

Weapons, Armies, Warfare and Polities in Pre-British India -- The Character of the East India Company's Army -- Production of Gunpowder in India, 1757-1856 -- Production of Cannon in India, 1757-1856 -- Production of Gun Carriages in India, 1757-1856 -- Artillery and the Military-Fiscal State in India, 1757-1856 -- Changing Dynamics of Warfare in India, 1757-1856.

"This book focuses on the relation between technology, warfare, and state in South Asia in the 18th and the 19th centuries. It explores how gunpowder and artillery played a pivotal role in the military ascendancy of the East India Company in India. The monograph argues that the contemporary Indian military landscape was extremely dynamic, with contemporary indigenous polities (Mysore, the Maratha Confederacy, and the Khalsa Kingdom) attempting to transform their military systems by modeling their armies on European lines. It shows how the Company established an edge through an efficient bureaucracy and a standardized manufacturing system, while the Indian powers primarily focused on continuous innovation and failed to introduce standardization of production. Drawing on archival records from India and the UK, this volume makes a significant intervention in our understanding of the rise of the British Empire in South Asia. It will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of history, especially military history, military and strategic studies and South Asian studies"--

This book examines both border policies and oppositional narratives of "the border," 2011-2021, demonstrating that the term designates not merely a line of territorial control but also a set of social relations shaped by persistent, racially differentiated colonial structures and, more recently, by neoliberal modes of accumulation. These relations are shown to determine access to wealth and/or resources and to enable the management of labor, the extraction of surplus, and the accumulation of capital. Discussion in the book is informed by the history of these policies and by the critical literature on borders. Various cultural texts focusing on two border zones -- the US-Mexico and the EU-Southern Mediterranean -- are analyzed: specifically, two novels, two films, and two murals examined in conjunction with a music video. A path to a borderless future is suggested: an abolitionist refusal of border rules with an insistence on the necessity of abolition. Kanishka Chowdhury is Professor of English and Director of the American Culture and Difference Program at the University of Saint Thomas in Saint Paul, Minnesota, where he teaches courses in cultural studies, transnational literatures, and contemporary film. His most recent book is Human Rights Discourse in the Post-9/11 Age (2019).