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THIS ARTICLE DETAILS THE NATURE OF ACCUSATIONS OF BIAS AGAINST THE LOCAL AND FOREIGN MEDIA IN SIERRA LEONE. A VARIETY OF REASONS FOR VULNERABILITY TO SUCH ACCUSATIONS ARE THEN EXAMINED. IT IS ARGUED THAT WHILE THERE ARE INSTANCES OF OVERT AND CALCULATED BIAS IN REPORTING OF THE CIVIL WAR, IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO DRAW A CLEAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN INTENDED AND UNINTENDED BIAS.

THIS PAPER PRESENTS A SIMPLE APPLICATION OF THE BOX-JENKINS METHOD TO FORECAST THE GENERAL FUND (GF) REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OF A LOCAL GOVERNMENT USING TIME SERIES DATA. IT USES A UNIVARIATE ARIMA MODEL TO PRODUCE THE NECESSARY FORECASTS. THE MODEL IS ALSO USED TO UNDERSTAND THE BUDGET BALANCE IN TERMS OF THE DEFICITS AND SURPLUSES GENERATED BY THE FORECAST VALUES. THE AVAILABLE BUDGET SERIES IS SOMEWHAT SHORTER THAN IS CONSIDERED IDEAL FOR MOST ARIMA MODELS; THE FORCASTS PRESENTED IN THIS PAPER SEEM FAIRLY REASONABLE, HOWEVER.

Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2 Geostrategic Environment of South Asian Region -- Chapter 3 India's Maritime Strategic Outreach in the Indian Ocean Region: Power Projection and Escalation Dominance -- Chapter 4 India's Doctrinal Restructuring: Posturing for Punitive Counterforce Strategy -- Chapter 5 India's Evolving Strategy for Ballistic Missile Development Programme for Southern Asia: Motivations and Challenges -- Chapter 6 Conceptualizing India-Pakistan's Competing War-Fighting Strategies and Possibility of Conflict in South Asia -- Chapter 7 India's Evolving Deterrent Posturing: Post Pulwama Military Crisis 2019 -- Chapter 8 Revisiting the Proposed Strategic Restraint Regime for South Asian Region: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustaining Peace and Stability -- Chapter 9 Conclusion.

GST is a major tax reform in India that has been in the works for a long time due to political concerns and competing stakeholders' interests. It was first launched in April 2010, but the goods and services tax (GST) went into effect on July 1, 2017. The primary goal of GST is to consolidate all indirect taxes in India, including the central excise tax (CET), the value-added tax (VAT), and the service tax, into a single taxation structure. It improves the country's taxation system by increasing transparency and reducing tax evasion and corruption. The GST concept, its features, GST advantages, and their influence on the Indian economy are all discussed in this article.

In military battle, the unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) plays a critical role. The UCAV avoids the fatal military zone as well as radars. If there is just a narrow path between the defensive areas, it is dan-gerous. It chooses the quickest and safest path. The balance evolution technique is used to improve the path planning of UCAV in this study, which results in a novel artificial bee colony. To regulate the position of a swarm of UCAVs, a particle swarm network is used to communicate between the UCAVs in the swarm. According to simulation data, the particle swarm network technique is more efficient than the ABC ap-proach. The intelligence system is taught via an artificial neural network.

Pak–Saudi relations are exclusive, cordial, and strategic. The elementary features of this exceptional relationship are strong religious affinity, bilateral resolve, assured support, and pragmatism. This resilient and all-weather relationship started much before the Kingdom became oil-rich. Since the beginning of the 1950s, Pak-Saudi relations have been witnessing an upward trajectory in all diplomatic fields, including political, economic, social, and strategic cooperation. While attaining dynamism in their bilateral relationship, both countries urge more exclusivity, steadiness, and perpetuity in their relations as reinforcing factors. The role of national institutions of both countries has been commendable in evolving and consolidating their traditional bondage. This paper, therefore, underlines the need that despite changes in the regional and global geopolitical situations, both countries must extend unwavering support to each other on the issues of their national interests, regional security, and sustainable development.

Bibliography Entry
Khan, Muhammad, and Sidra Khan. 2021. "Evolving Nature of Pak-Saudi Relationship." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 59-69.

In this paper, the authors revisit the nexus of financial development and FDI inflows in Chinese perspective, incorporating the vital role of institutional quality and other important variables in this paradigm. Using ARDL bound testing and VECM procedures, they establish causality by exploiting variations in financial development and FDI. To unmask the shortcomings in the previous literature, the authors use a composite index of financial development, recently developed by the IMF, since it provides a more fine-grained analysis. The results show that there is a long-run relationship between FDI and financial development. Bidirectional causality is confirmed by using VECM. The inclusion of control variables, e.g., institutional quality, transport infrastructure, per capita GDP, trade openness, domestic investment, natural resources rent, is robust in the analysis. The positive role of financial development in FDI inflows is of utmost importance for policymakers and the Chinese government. Several policy implications are given in this study.

Contemporary discourse on civil society asserts democracy as a precondition for a successful working of civil society and a vibrant civil society for a smooth working of democracy. Yet there have been exceptions. On one hand some predominantly authoritarian regimes around the world are said to have harbored vibrant civil societies such as some countries of East Asia and Latin America. In this context, this paper overviews the growth and development of civil society in Pakistan during the rule of two military dictators in Pakistan viz. Ayub Khan (1958-1969) and Zia-ul-Haq (1977-1988) in the light of state-civil society models of conflict and coordination. It further seeks to explore: How those dictators treated the civil society in Pakistan? What was the response of civil society towards the dictatorial rule? And can we draw some parallels in the working of this nexus during the two eras?