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Frontmatter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Philosophical Reflections in the Poetry of al-Shāfiʿī / Tamer, Georges -- Ethics and Fiqh in al-Fārābī's Philosophy / Bouhafa, Feriel -- Ibn Sīnā's Moral Ontology and Theory of Law / Erlwein, Hannah C. -- In the Footsteps of Ibn Sīnā? The Uṣūlī Debate on the Argumentum e Contrario / Kalbarczyk, Nora -- Al-Ghazālī on Philosophy and Jurisprudence / Rudolph, Ulrich -- Syllogistic Logic in Islamic Legal Theory: al-Ghazālī's Arguments for the Certainty of Legal Analogy (Qiyās) / Opwis, Felicitas -- Deontic Modalities in Ibn Ḥazm / Lameer, Joep -- Splitting the Process and the Result: Philosophy from a Legal Perspective in Averroes' Decisive Treatise / Akl, Ziad Bou -- Foundations of Ibn Taymiyya's Religious Utilitarianism / Hoover, Jon -- Value Ontology and the Assumption of Non-Assessment in Postclassical Shīʿī Legal Theory / Gleave, Robert -- Tajarrī as Religious Luck / Mohammad Kazem Askari, Mirza / Mohammad Emami, Amir -- Concomitance to Causation: Arguing Dawarān in the Proto-Ādāb al-Baḥth / Young, Walter Edward -- Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects

This book brings together the study of two great disciplines of the Islamic world: law and philosophy. In both sunni and shiite Islam, it became the norm for scholars to acquire a high level of expertise in the legal tradition. Thus some of the greatest names in the history of Aristotelianism were trained jurists, like Averroes, or commented on the status and nature of law, like al-Fārābī. While such authors sought to put law in its place relative to the philosophical disciplines, others criticized philosophy from a legal viewpoint, like al-Ghazālī and Ibn Taymiyya. But this collection of papers does not only explore the relative standing of law and philosophy. It also looks at how philosophers, theologians, and jurists answered philosophical questions that arise from jurisprudence itself. What is the logical structure of a well-formed legal argument? What standard of certainty needs to be attained in passing down judgments, and how is that standard reached? What are the sources of valid legal judgment and what makes these sources authoritative? May a believer be excused on grounds of ignorance? Together the contributions provide an unprecedented demonstration of the close connections between philosophy and law in Islamic society, while also highlighting the philosophical interest of texts normally studied only by legal historians.

Peter Adamson aims ultimately to present a complete history of philosophy, more thoroughly but also more enjoyably than ever before. He offers an accessible, humorous, and detailed look at the emergence of philosophy with the Presocratics, the probing questions of Socrates, and the first full flowering of philosophy with the dialogues of Plato and the treatises of Aristotle. The story is told 'without any gaps', discussing not only such major figures but also less commonly discussed topics like the Hippocratic Corpus, the Platonic Academy, and the role of women in ancient philosophy. Within the thought of Plato and Aristotle, the reader will find in-depth introductions to major works, such as the Republic and the Nicomachean Ethics, which are treated in detail that is unusual in an introduction to ancient philosophy. Adamson looks at fascinating but less frequently read Platonic dialogues like the Charmides and Cratylus, and Aristotle's ideas in zoology and poetics. This full coverage allows him to tackle ancient discussions in all areas of philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of language, philosophy of science, ethics and politics. Attention is also given to the historical and literary context of classical philosophy, with exploration of how early Greek cosmology responded to the poets Homer and Hesiod, how Socrates was presented by the comic playwright Aristophanes and the historian Xenophon, and how events in Greek history may have influenced Plato's thought

This is the first in a series of sourcebooks charting the reception of Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, d.1037) in the Islamic East (from Syria to central Asia) in the 12th-13th centuries CE. Avicenna was the dominant philosophical authority in this period, who provoked generations of thinkers to subtle critique, defense, and development of his ideas. The series will translate and analyze hundreds of passages from works by such figures as al-Ghazālī, al-Suhrawardī, Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, and many more. This volume focuses especially on issues in metaphysics, dealing with topics like the essence-existence distinction, the problem of universals, free will and determinism, Platonic Forms, good and evil, proofs of God's existence, and the relationship between philosophy and theology.

Frontmatter -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- Part I: Plato and Aristotle -- Human Nature and Legal Norms: Antiphon the Sophist as Anonymous Target in Plato's Republic IX -- Natural Born Philosophers -- Normative Naturalism in Aristotle's Political Philosophy? -- Whose State? Whose Nature? How Aristotle's Polis is 'Natural' -- Aristotle on Freedom, Nature, and Law -- Aristotle on the Rationality of Women: Consequences for Virtue and Practical Accountability -- Part II: Hellenistic Philosophy -- Cynic Origins of the Stoic Doctrine of Natural Law? -- The Normativity of Nature in Epicurean Ethics and Politics -- Nature and Psychology in Cicero's Republic -- Unnatural Law: A Ciceronian Perspective -- Natural Law and Casuistic Reasoning in Roman Jurisprudence -- Part III: Late Antiquity -- Human Nature and Normativity in Plotinus -- On Justice in Porphyry's On Abstinence -- Early Christian Philosophers on Society and Political Norms -- Part IV: Medieval Philosophy -- Against Nature: Two Critics of Naturalism in the Islamic World -- "Like Ants in a Colony We Do Our Share": Political Animals in Medieval Philosophy -- Ockham on Human Freedom and the Nature and Origin of Lordship -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects

Abstract
This paper is devoted to a fascinating passage in Faḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 1210), in which he argues that non-human animals have rational souls. It is found in his Mulaḫḫaṣ fī l-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma (Epitome on Philosophy and Logic). Following a discussion of the afterlife, Faḫr al-Dīn suggests that animals should, like humans, be capable of grasping universals, and that they are aware of their own identity over time. Furthermore, animal behavior shows that they are capable of rational planning and problem-solving. We contextualize these arguments with reference to Faḫr al-Dīn's other philosophical works, and also compare the considerations he raises to ideas found in modern-day animal ethics, drawing here especially on the work of Mark Rowlands. The paper concludes with a translation of the passage.

Al-Fārābī's writing on the Noble State from 942-43 had a formative influence on the history of philosophy in the Islamic world and can serve as a key to its knowledge. The philosophical conclusion is analyzed and explained in this volume by internationally renowned experts. In addition, there are chapters on life and work, philosophical background and history of impact.